在 Amazon Redshift 中使用半结构化数据的示例 - Amazon Redshift
加载半结构化数据查询嵌套半结构化数据将 enable_case_sensitive_identifier 和 enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute 与半结构化数据结合使用筛选半结构化数据取消嵌套半结构化数据取消嵌套数组在子查询中使用半结构化数据使用半结构化数据聚合查询在实体化视图中使用半结构化数据 将 PIVOT 和 UNPIVOT 与半结构化数据结合使用

从 2025 年 11 月 1 日起，Amazon Redshift 将不再支持创建新的 Python UDF。如果您想要使用 Python UDF，请在该日期之前创建 UDF。现有的 Python UDF 将继续正常运行。有关更多信息，请参阅博客文章。

在 Amazon Redshift 中使用半结构化数据的示例

以下示例演示了如何使用 PartiQL 语法在 Amazon Redshift 中处理半结构化数据。您将创建一个示例表来加载半结构化数据的示例集，然后在各种使用案例中查询半结构化数据对象。

注意

我们建议您在使用 SUPER 数据类型之前设置 enable_case_sensitive_identifier 和 enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute 配置选项。有关更多信息，请参阅enable_case_sensitive_identifier和enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute。

加载半结构化数据

以下语句创建示例表并将示例 JSON 对象加载到 all_data SUPER 列中。

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test_json;

SET enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute TO true;
SET enable_case_sensitive_identifier TO true;

CREATE TABLE test_json (all_data SUPER);

INSERT INTO test_json VALUES (JSON_PARSE('
{
   "data":{
      "pnr":{
         "type":"pnr",
         "pnrid":"123PQRS-2024-09-20",
         "bookingIdentifier":"123PQRS",
         "version":"5",
         "triggerType":"",
         "events":[
            {
               "eventType":"UPDATED",
               "type":"PART",
               "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-HO-1"
            },
            {
               "eventType":"CREATED",
               "type":"ABC",
               "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-38"
            }
         ],
         "create":{
            "pnrCreateDate":"2024-09-20T16:56:00Z",
            "officeID":"OFFCID1234",
            "officeIDCategory":"Email"
         },
         "lastModification":{
            "dateTime":"2024-09-20T17:09:00Z"
         },
         "PARTDetails":[
            {
               "path":"1",
               "TrainPARTs":[
                  {
                     "PARTID":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-HO-1",
                     "departure":{
                        "departureStation":"XYZ",
                        "departureTimeLocal":"2024-10-03T06:30:00",
                        "departureTimeGMT":"2024-10-03T10:30:00Z"
                     },
                     "arrival":{
                        "arrivalStation":"ABC",
                        "arrivalTimeLocal":"2024-10-03T08:20:00",
                        "arrivalTimeGMT":"2024-10-03T15:20:00Z"
                     },
                     "marketing":{
                        "carrierCode":"XX",
                        "TrainNumber":"100"
                     },
                     "operating":{
                        "carrierCode":"YY",
                        "TrainNumber":"100-A"
                     },
                     "status":"ON",
                     "aircraft":{
                        "code":"222"
                     },
                     "class":"WC",
                     "first":"Y",
                     "seating":[
                        
                     ]
                  }
               ]
            }
         ],
         "commuterInformation":[
            {
               "commuterID":"2",
               "commuterPNR":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2",
               "commuterTypeCode":"DOM",
               "firstName":"JOHN",
               "lastName":"MILLER"
            }
         ],
         "contactDetail":[
            {
               "emailContacts":[
                  {
                     "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-4",
                     "contact":"JOHNMILLER@EXAMPLE.COM",
                     "purpose":[
                        "BUSINESS"
                     ],
                     "commuter":[
                        "123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2"
                     ],
                     "language":"EN"
                  },
                  {
                     "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-5",
                     "contact":"HARVEYCORMIER@EXAMPLE.COM",
                     "purpose":[
                        "NOTIFICATION"
                     ],
                     "commuter":[
                        "123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2"
                     ],
                     "language":"EN"
                  }
               ]
            },
            {
               "phoneContacts":[
                  {
                     "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-3",
                     "contact":"1234567890",
                     "purpose":[
                        "NOTIFICATION"
                     ],
                     "commuter":[
                        "123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2"
                     ],
                     "language":""
                  }
               ]
            },
            {
               "addressInfo":[
                  {
                     "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-6",
                     "addressline":[
                        "112 PORT STREET"
                     ],
                     "provinceState":"CA",
                     "cityName":"SAN JOSE",
                     "postalCode":"12345",
                     "countryCode":"USA",
                     "purpose":[
                        "MAILING"
                     ],
                     "commuter":[
                        "123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2"
                     ]
                  }
               ]
            }
         ],
         "PendingService":[
            {
               "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-26",
               "code":"MONO",
               "status":"",
               "text":"Broken Seat at Coach-No XYZ123 Seat-No 567",
               "trainCode":"WC-1",
               "TrainsArray":[
                  "123PQRS-2024-09-20-HO-1"
               ],
               "commuter":[
                  "123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2"
               ]
            },
            {
               "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-27",
               "code":"OTHS",
               "status":"",
               "text":"Broken Seat at Coach-No XYZ567 Seat-No 111",
               "trainCode":"WC-1",
               "TrainsArray":[
                  "123PQRS-2024-09-20-HO-1"
               ],
               "commuter":[
                  "123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2"
               ]
            },
            {
               "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-28",
               "code":"OTHS",
               "status":"",
               "text":"Broken Seat at Coach-No XYZ890 Seat-No 123",
               "trainCode":"WC-1",
               "TrainsArray":[
                  "123PQRS-2024-09-20-HO-1"
               ],
               "commuter":[
                  "123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2"
               ]
            },
            {
               "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-29",
               "code":"OTHS",
               "status":"",
               "text":"Broken Seat at Coach-No XYZ111 Seat-No 333",
               "trainCode":"WC-1",
               "TrainsArray":[
                  "123PQRS-2024-09-20-HO-1"
               ],
               "commuter":[
                  "123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2"
               ]
            }            
         ],
         "parts": [
            {
               "partname": "prop",
               "manufacturer": "local parts co",
               "quality": 2,
               "price": 10.00
            },
            {
               "partname": "prop",
               "manufacturer": "big parts co",
               "quality": null,
               "price": 9.00
            },
            {
               "partname": "prop",
               "manufacturer": "small parts co",
               "quality": 1,
               "price": 12.00
            },
            {
               "partname": "rudder",
               "manufacturer": "local parts co",
               "quality": 1,
               "price": 2.50
            },
            {
               "partname": "rudder",
               "manufacturer": "big parts co",
               "quality": 2,
               "price": 3.75
            },
            {
               "partname": "rudder",
               "manufacturer": "small parts co",
               "quality": null,
               "price": 1.90
            },
            {
               "partname": "wing",
               "manufacturer": "local parts co",
               "quality": null,
               "price": 7.50
            },
            {
               "partname": "wing",
               "manufacturer": "big parts co",
               "quality": 1,
               "price": 15.20
            },
            {
               "partname": "wing",
               "manufacturer": "small parts co",
               "quality": null,
               "price": 11.80
            }
         ],
         "count_by_color": [
            {
               "quality": "high",
               "red": 15,
               "green": 20,
               "blue": 7
            },
            {
               "quality": "normal",
               "red": 35,
               "green": null,
               "blue": 40
            },
            {
               "quality": "low",
               "red": 10,
               "green": 23,
               "blue": null
            }
         ]
       }
   },
   "id":"abcdefgh-ijklmnop-qrstuvwxyz123",
   "mainIds":[
      {
         "ID":"pqrstuvwxyz-aabbcc123",
         "Source":"NYC"
      }
   ]
}
'));

查询嵌套半结构化数据

以下语句使用 PartiQL 的点符号来提取 pnrid 字段，该字段嵌套在顶级 all_data 对象的三层深处。

select all_data.data.pnr.pnrid::varchar from test_json;

 pnrid
--------------------
 123PQRS-2024-09-20

以下语句使用 PartiQL 的括号表示法来仅指定和提取嵌套在顶级对象内的 events 数组中的第一个元素。

SELECT
    all_data.data.pnr.events[0]
FROM test_json;

 events
---------------------------------
{
   "eventType":"UPDATED",
   "type":"PART",
   "id":"123PQRS-2024-09-20-HO-1"
}

以下语句从 events 数组中仅提取指定元素的 eventType 属性。

SELECT
    all_data.data.pnr.events[0].eventType
FROM test_json;

 eventtype
-----------
 "UPDATED"

下面的语句

将 enable_case_sensitive_identifier 和 enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute 与半结构化数据结合使用

以下示例显示了配置选项 enable_case_sensitive_identifier 和 enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute 在用于查询半结构化数据时的不同之处。有关这些配置选项的更多信息，请参阅访问具有大写和混合大小写字段名称或属性的 JSON 字段。

在以下语句中，将这两个配置选项重置为其默认值 false 会使查询返回 NULL。

RESET enable_case_sensitive_identifier;
RESET enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute;

SELECT
    all_data.data.pnr.events[0].eventType
FROM test_json;

 eventtype
-----------
NULL

在以下示例中，在将区分大小写的属性用双引号括起来并将 enable_case_sensitive_identifier 设置为 true 后，示例查询将返回所需的结果。

RESET enable_case_sensitive_identifier;
RESET enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute;

SELECT
    all_data.data.pnr.events[0]."eventType"
FROM test_json;
         
 eventtype
-----------
NULL

SET enable_case_sensitive_identifier TO true;
         
SELECT
    all_data.data.pnr.events[0]."eventType"
FROM test_json;
         
 eventtype
-----------
 "UPDATED"

在下面的示例中，在将 enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute 设置为 true 后（但未将区分大小写的属性括在双引号中），示例查询将返回所需的结果。

RESET enable_case_sensitive_identifier;
RESET enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute;

SELECT
    all_data.data.pnr.events[0].eventType
FROM test_json;
         
 eventtype
-----------
NULL
         
SET enable_case_sensitive_super_attribute TO true;
         
SELECT
    all_data.data.pnr.events[0].eventType
FROM test_json;
         
 eventtype
-----------
 "UPDATED"

筛选半结构化数据

以下语句在对类型为 UPDATED 的事件进行计数的语句的 WHERE 子句中使用 PartiQL 语法，以便从数组内检索特定属性的数据。可以在查询中通常会引用列的任何部分中使用此语法。

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM test_json
WHERE all_data.data.pnr.events[0].eventType = 'UPDATED';

 count
------
 1

以下示例在 GROUP BY 和 ORDER BY 子句中使用 PartiQL 的括号和点语法：

SELECT all_data.data.pnr.events[0].eventType::varchar,
       COUNT(*)
FROM test_json
WHERE all_data.data.pnr.events[0].eventType IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY all_data.data.pnr.events[0].eventType
ORDER BY all_data.data.pnr.events[0].eventType;

 eventtype | count
-----------+-------
 "UPDATED" | 1

取消嵌套半结构化数据

以下语句使用 PartiQL 联接来取消嵌套 events 数组。请注意，即使数组的索引数量不是静态的，这种联接也能起作用。

有关在 FROM 子句中使用 UNNEST 取消嵌套半结构化数据的示例，请参阅 UNNEST 示例。

SELECT
a.all_data.data.pnr.type::varchar type_info,
a.all_data.data.pnr.pnrid::varchar pnr_id ,
a.all_data.data.pnr.bookingIdentifier::varchar booking_id,
a.all_data.data.pnr.version::varchar version_info,
b.eventType::varchar event_type,
b.id::varchar event_id
FROM test_json a, 
  a.all_data.data.pnr.events b;

 type_info | pnr_id              | booking_id | version_info | event_type | event_id
-----------+---------------------+------------+--------------+------------+-------------------------
 pnr       | 123PQRS-2024-09-20  | 123PQRS    | 5            | UPDATED    | 123PQRS-2024-09-20-HO-1
 pnr       | 123PQRS-2024-09-20  | 123PQRS    | 5            | CREATED    | 123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-38

取消嵌套数组

以下语句使用 PartiQL 联接来取消嵌套已嵌套在另一个数组中的数组。

有关在 FROM 子句中使用 UNNEST 取消嵌套半结构化数据的示例，请参阅 UNNEST 示例。

SELECT
a.all_data.data.pnr.type::varchar type_info,
a.all_data.data.pnr.pnrid::varchar pnr_id ,
a.all_data.data.pnr.bookingIdentifier::varchar booking_id,
a.all_data.data.pnr.version::varchar version_info,
d.id::varchar email_record_id,
d.contact::varchar email_contact,
e::varchar email_purpose,
f::varchar email_commuter
FROM test_json a,
  a.all_data.data.pnr.contactDetail c,
  c."emailContacts" d,
  d.purpose e,
  d.commuter f;

 type_info | pnr_id              | booking_id | version_info | email_record_id         | email_contact             | email_purpose | email_commuter
-----------+---------------------+------------+--------------+-------------------------+---------------------------+---------------+-------------------------
 pnr       | 123PQRS-2024-09-20  | 123PQRS    | 5            | 123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-4 | JOHNMILLER@EXAMPLE.COM    | BUSINESS      | 123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2
 pnr       | 123PQRS-2024-09-20  | 123PQRS    | 5            | 123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-5 | HARVEYCORMIER@EXAMPLE.COM | NOTIFICATION  | 123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2

在子查询中使用半结构化数据

以下语句在 WHERE 子句中使用子查询，来仅返回前一个示例中结果的一小部分。

SELECT
a.all_data.data.pnr.type::varchar type_info,
a.all_data.data.pnr.pnrid::varchar pnr_id ,
a.all_data.data.pnr.bookingIdentifier::varchar booking_id,
a.all_data.data.pnr.version::varchar version_info,
d.id::varchar email_record_id,
d.contact::varchar email_contact
FROM test_json a,
a.all_data.data.pnr.contactDetail c,
c."emailContacts" d
WHERE (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM d.purpose e WHERE e = 'BUSINESS') > 0;

 type_info | pnr_id              | booking_id | version_info | email_record_id         | email_contact             | email_purpose | email_commuter
-----------+---------------------+------------+--------------+-------------------------+---------------------------+---------------+-------------------------
 pnr       | 123PQRS-2024-09-20  | 123PQRS    | 5            | 123PQRS-2024-09-20-OT-4 | JOHNMILLER@EXAMPLE.COM    | BUSINESS      | 123PQRS-2024-09-20-RO-2

使用半结构化数据聚合查询

以下语句使用 COUNT 函数来聚合 PendingService 数组中的元素数量。

SELECT
a.all_data.data.pnr.type::varchar type_info,
a.all_data.data.pnr.pnrid::varchar pnr_id ,
a.all_data.data.pnr.bookingIdentifier::varchar booking_id,
a.all_data.data.pnr.version::varchar version_info,
COUNT(*) AS total_pending_service
FROM test_json a, 
  a.all_data.data.pnr.PendingService c
GROUP BY 1,2,3,4;

 type_info | pnr_id             | booking_id | version_info | total_pending_service
-----------+--------------------+------------+--------------+-----------------------
 pnr       | 123PQRS-2024-09-20 | 123PQRS    | 5            | 4

在实体化视图中使用半结构化数据

以下语句使用上一个示例中的语句来创建实体化视图。当基表获得新数据时，实体化视图会自动刷新待处理服务的数量。

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_total_pending_service
AUTO REFRESH YES
AS
SELECT
a.all_data.data.pnr.type::varchar type_info,
a.all_data.data.pnr.pnrid::varchar pnr_id ,
a.all_data.data.pnr.bookingIdentifier::varchar booking_id,
a.all_data.data.pnr.version::varchar version_info,
COUNT(*) AS total_pending_service
FROM test_json a,
  a.all_data.data.pnr.PendingService c
GROUP BY 1,2,3,4;

将 PIVOT 和 UNPIVOT 与半结构化数据结合使用

以下语句对 partname 列使用 PIVOT 来返回每个零件的平均价格。

SELECT *
FROM 
(
SELECT
c.partname::varchar, c.price
FROM test_json a, 
  a.all_data.data.pnr.parts c) 
PIVOT (AVG(price) for partname IN ('prop', 'rudder', 'wing'));
            
 
 prop       | rudder             |  wing
------------+--------------------+--------
 10.33      | 2.71               |  11.50

在前面的示例中，结果转换为列。以下示例显示一个按行而不是按列返回平均价格的 GROUP BY 查询。

SELECT partname, avg(price)
FROM (
SELECT
c.partname::varchar, c.price
FROM test_json a, 
  a.all_data.data.pnr.parts c)
WHERE partname IN ('prop', 'rudder', 'wing')
GROUP BY partname;
            
 partname |  avg
----------+-------
 prop     | 10.33
 rudder   |  2.71
 wing     | 11.50

以下是一个 PIVOT 示例，其中 manufacturer 作为隐式列。

SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT
c.quality, c.manufacturer::varchar
FROM test_json a, 
  a.all_data.data.pnr.parts c) PIVOT (
count(*) FOR quality IN (1, 2, NULL)
);
            
 manufacturer      | 1  | 2  | null
-------------------+----+----+------
 local parts co    | 1  | 1  |  1
 big parts co      | 1  | 1  |  1
 small parts co    | 1  | 0  |  2

以下是针对 quality 列的 UNPIVOT 示例。

SELECT *
FROM 
(
SELECT
c.quality as quality
FROM test_json a, 
  a.all_data.data.pnr.parts c) 
UNPIVOT (cnt FOR column_header IN (quality));
            
 column_header   | cnt
-----------------+----
 quality         | 2    
 quality         | 1    
 quality         | 1    
 quality         | 2    
 quality         | 1