

End of support notice: On October 7, 2026, AWS will end support for AWS Proton. After October 7, 2026, you will no longer be able to access the AWS Proton console or AWS Proton resources. Your deployed infrastructure will remain intact. For more information, see [AWS Proton Service Deprecation and Migration Guide](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/proton/latest/userguide/proton-end-of-support.html).

# CloudFormation IaC files
<a name="ag-infrastructure-tmp-files-cloudformation"></a>

Learn how to use AWS CloudFormation infrastructure as code files with AWS Proton. CloudFormation is an infrastructure as code (IaC) service that helps you model and set up your AWS resources. You define your infrastructure resources in templates, using Jinja on top of the CloudFormation template file format for parametrization. AWS Proton expands parameters and renders the full CloudFormation template. CloudFormation provisions the defined resources as CloudFormation stack. For more information, see [What is CloudFormation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSCloudFormation/latest/UserGuide/Welcome.html) in *the CloudFormation User Guide*.

AWS Proton supports [AWS-managed provisioning](ag-works-prov-methods.md#ag-works-prov-methods-direct) for CloudFormation IaC.

## Start with your own existing infrastructure as code files
<a name="iac-tmp-files"></a>

You can adapt *your own existing* infrastructure as code (IaC) files for use with AWS Proton.

The following CloudFormation examples, [Example 1](#ag-env-cfn-example), and [Example 2](#ag-svc-cfn-example), represent *your own existing* CloudFormation IaC files. CloudFormation can use these files to create two different CloudFormation stacks.

In [Example 1](#ag-env-cfn-example), the CloudFormation IaC file is configured to provision infrastructure to be shared among container applications. In this example, input parameters are added so that you can use the same IaC file to create multiple sets of provisioned infrastructure. Each set can have different names along with a different set of VPC and subnet CIDR values. As either an administrator or a developer, you provide values for these parameters when you use an IaC file to provision infrastructure resources with CloudFormation. For your convenience, these input parameters are marked with comments and referenced multiple times in the example. The *outputs* are defined at the end of the template. They can be referenced in other CloudFormation IaC files.

In [Example 2](#ag-svc-cfn-example), the CloudFormation IaC file is configured to deploy an application to the infrastructure that's provisioned from *Example 1*. The parameters are commented for your convenience.

### Example 1: CloudFormation IaC file
<a name="ag-env-cfn-example"></a>

```
AWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'
Description: AWS Fargate cluster running containers in a public subnet. Only supports
             public facing load balancer, and public service discovery namespaces.
Parameters:
   VpcCIDR:       # input parameter
        Description: CIDR for VPC
        Type: String
        Default: "10.0.0.0/16"
   SubnetOneCIDR: # input parameter
        Description: CIDR for SubnetOne
        Type: String
        Default: "10.0.0.0/24"
   SubnetTwoCIDR: # input parameters
        Description: CIDR for SubnetTwo
        Type: String
        Default: "10.0.1.0/24"
Resources:
  VPC:
    Type: AWS::EC2::VPC
    Properties:
      EnableDnsSupport: true
      EnableDnsHostnames: true
      CidrBlock: 
        Ref: 'VpcCIDR'

  # Two public subnets, where containers will have public IP addresses
  PublicSubnetOne:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      AvailabilityZone:
         Fn::Select:
         - 0
         - Fn::GetAZs: {Ref: 'AWS::Region'}
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'
      CidrBlock:
         Ref: 'SubnetOneCIDR'
      MapPublicIpOnLaunch: true

  PublicSubnetTwo:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      AvailabilityZone:
         Fn::Select:
         - 1
         - Fn::GetAZs: {Ref: 'AWS::Region'}
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'
      CidrBlock:
        Ref: 'SubnetTwoCIDR'
      MapPublicIpOnLaunch: true

  # Setup networking resources for the public subnets. Containers
  # in the public subnets have public IP addresses and the routing table
  # sends network traffic via the internet gateway.
  InternetGateway:
    Type: AWS::EC2::InternetGateway
  GatewayAttachement:
    Type: AWS::EC2::VPCGatewayAttachment
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'
      InternetGatewayId: !Ref 'InternetGateway'
  PublicRouteTable:
    Type: AWS::EC2::RouteTable
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'
  PublicRoute:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Route
    DependsOn: GatewayAttachement
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref 'PublicRouteTable'
      DestinationCidrBlock: '0.0.0.0/0'
      GatewayId: !Ref 'InternetGateway'
  PublicSubnetOneRouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnetOne
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable
  PublicSubnetTwoRouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnetTwo
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable

  # ECS Resources
  ECSCluster:
    Type: AWS::ECS::Cluster

  # A security group for the containers we will run in Fargate.
  # Rules are added to this security group based on what ingress you
  # add for the cluster.
  ContainerSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: Access to the Fargate containers
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'

  # This is a role which is used by the ECS tasks themselves.
  ECSTaskExecutionRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
        - Effect: Allow
          Principal:
            Service: [ecs-tasks.amazonaws.com]
          Action: ['sts:AssumeRole']
      Path: /
      ManagedPolicyArns:
        - 'arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonECSTaskExecutionRolePolicy'

# These output values will be available to other templates to use.
Outputs:
  ClusterName:                                               # output
    Description: The name of the ECS cluster
    Value: !Ref 'ECSCluster'
    Export:
      Name:
        Fn::Sub: "${AWS::StackName}-ECSCluster"
  ECSTaskExecutionRole:                                       # output
    Description: The ARN of the ECS role
    Value: !GetAtt 'ECSTaskExecutionRole.Arn'
    Export: 
      Name:
        Fn::Sub: "${AWS::StackName}-ECSTaskExecutionRole"
  VpcId:                                                      # output
    Description: The ID of the VPC that this stack is deployed in
    Value: !Ref 'VPC'
    Export: 
      Name: 
        Fn::Sub: "${AWS::StackName}-VPC"
  PublicSubnetOne:                                            # output
    Description: Public subnet one
    Value: !Ref 'PublicSubnetOne'
    Export: 
      Name:
        Fn::Sub: "${AWS::StackName}-PublicSubnetOne"
  PublicSubnetTwo:                                            # output
    Description: Public subnet two
    Value: !Ref 'PublicSubnetTwo'
    Export: 
      Name:
        Fn::Sub: "${AWS::StackName}-PublicSubnetTwo"
  ContainerSecurityGroup:                                     # output
    Description: A security group used to allow Fargate containers to receive traffic
    Value: !Ref 'ContainerSecurityGroup'
    Export: 
      Name:
        Fn::Sub: "${AWS::StackName}-ContainerSecurityGroup"
```

### Example 2: CloudFormation IaC file
<a name="ag-svc-cfn-example"></a>

```
AWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'
Description: Deploy a service on AWS Fargate, hosted in a public subnet, and accessible via a public load balancer.
Parameters:
    ContainerPortInput:  # input parameter
        Description: The port to route traffic to
        Type: Number
        Default: 80
    TaskCountInput:      # input parameter
        Description: The default number of Fargate tasks you want running
        Type: Number
        Default: 1
    TaskSizeInput:       # input parameter
        Description: The size of the task you want to run
        Type: String
        Default: x-small
    ContainerImageInput: # input parameter
        Description: The name/url of the container image
        Type: String
        Default: "public.ecr.aws/z9d2n7e1/nginx:1.19.5"
    TaskNameInput:       # input parameter
        Description: Name for your task
        Type: String
        Default: "my-fargate-instance"
    StackName:           # input parameter
        Description: Name of the environment stack to deploy to
        Type: String
        Default: "my-fargate-environment"
Mappings:
  TaskSizeMap:
    x-small:
      cpu: 256
      memory: 512
    small:
      cpu: 512
      memory: 1024
    medium:
      cpu: 1024
      memory: 2048
    large:
      cpu: 2048
      memory: 4096
    x-large:
      cpu: 4096
      memory: 8192
Resources:
  # A log group for storing the stdout logs from this service's containers
  LogGroup:
    Type: AWS::Logs::LogGroup
    Properties:
      LogGroupName:
        Ref: 'TaskNameInput' # input parameter

  # The task definition. This is a simple metadata description of what
  # container to run, and what resource requirements it has.
  TaskDefinition:
    Type: AWS::ECS::TaskDefinition
    Properties:
      Family: !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      Cpu: !FindInMap [TaskSizeMap, !Ref 'TaskSizeInput', cpu]
      Memory: !FindInMap [TaskSizeMap, !Ref 'TaskSizeInput', memory]
      NetworkMode: awsvpc
      RequiresCompatibilities:
        - FARGATE
      ExecutionRoleArn:
        Fn::ImportValue:
          !Sub "${StackName}-ECSTaskExecutionRole"    # output parameter from another CloudFormation template
              awslogs-region: !Ref 'AWS::Region'
              awslogs-stream-prefix: !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
                

  # The service_instance. The service is a resource which allows you to run multiple
  # copies of a type of task, and gather up their logs and metrics, as well
  # as monitor the number of running tasks and replace any that have crashed
  Service:
    Type: AWS::ECS::Service
    DependsOn: LoadBalancerRule
    Properties:
      ServiceName: !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      Cluster:
        Fn::ImportValue:
          !Sub "${StackName}-ECSCluster"  # output parameter from another CloudFormation template
      LaunchType: FARGATE
      DeploymentConfiguration:
        MaximumPercent: 200
        MinimumHealthyPercent: 75
      DesiredCount: !Ref 'TaskCountInput'
      NetworkConfiguration:
        AwsvpcConfiguration:
          AssignPublicIp: ENABLED
          SecurityGroups:
            - Fn::ImportValue:
                !Sub "${StackName}-ContainerSecurityGroup"    # output parameter from another CloudFormation template
          Subnets:
            - Fn::ImportValue:r CloudFormation template
      TaskRoleArn: !Ref "AWS::NoValue"
      ContainerDefinitions:        
        - Name: !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
          Cpu: !FindInMap [TaskSizeMap, !Ref 'TaskSizeInput', cpu]
          Memory: !FindInMap [TaskSizeMap, !Ref 'TaskSizeInput', memory]
          Image: !Ref 'ContainerImageInput'             # input parameter
          PortMappings:
            - ContainerPort: !Ref 'ContainerPortInput'  # input parameter
          
          LogConfiguration:
            LogDriver: 'awslogs'
            Options:
              awslogs-group: !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
                !Sub "${StackName}-PublicSubnetOne"    # output parameter from another CloudFormation template
            - Fn::ImportValue:
                !Sub "${StackName}-PublicSubnetTwo"    # output parameter from another CloudFormation template
      TaskDefinition: !Ref 'TaskDefinition'
      LoadBalancers:
        - ContainerName: !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
          ContainerPort: !Ref 'ContainerPortInput'  # input parameter
          TargetGroupArn: !Ref 'TargetGroup'

  # A target group. This is used for keeping track of all the tasks, and
  # what IP addresses / port numbers they have. You can query it yourself,
  # to use the addresses yourself, but most often this target group is just
  # connected to an application load balancer, or network load balancer, so
  # it can automatically distribute traffic across all the targets.
  TargetGroup:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::TargetGroup
    Properties:
      HealthCheckIntervalSeconds: 6
      HealthCheckPath: /
      HealthCheckProtocol: HTTP
      HealthCheckTimeoutSeconds: 5
      HealthyThresholdCount: 2
      TargetType: ip
      Name: !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      Port: !Ref 'ContainerPortInput'
      Protocol: HTTP
      UnhealthyThresholdCount: 2
      VpcId:
        Fn::ImportValue:
          !Sub "${StackName}-VPC"    # output parameter from another CloudFormation template

  # Create a rule on the load balancer for routing traffic to the target group
  LoadBalancerRule:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::ListenerRule
    Properties:
      Actions:
        - TargetGroupArn: !Ref 'TargetGroup'
          Type: 'forward'
      Conditions:
        - Field: path-pattern
          Values:
            - '*'
      ListenerArn: !Ref PublicLoadBalancerListener
      Priority: 1

  # Enable autoscaling for this service
  ScalableTarget:
    Type: AWS::ApplicationAutoScaling::ScalableTarget
    DependsOn: Service
    Properties:
      ServiceNamespace: 'ecs'
      ScalableDimension: 'ecs:service:DesiredCount'
      ResourceId:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - service
            - Fn::ImportValue:
                !Sub "${StackName}-ECSCluster"
            - !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      MinCapacity: 1
      MaxCapacity: 10
      RoleARN: !Sub arn:aws:iam::${AWS::AccountId}:role/aws-service-role/ecs.application-autoscaling.amazonaws.com/AWSServiceRoleForApplicationAutoScaling_ECSService

  # Create scaling policies for the service
  ScaleDownPolicy:
    Type: AWS::ApplicationAutoScaling::ScalingPolicy
    DependsOn: ScalableTarget
    Properties:
      PolicyName:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - scale
            - !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
            - down
      PolicyType: StepScaling
      ResourceId:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - service
            - Fn::ImportValue:
                !Sub "${StackName}-ECSCluster"  # output parameter from another CloudFormation template
            - !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      ScalableDimension: 'ecs:service:DesiredCount'
      ServiceNamespace: 'ecs'
      StepScalingPolicyConfiguration:
        AdjustmentType: 'ChangeInCapacity'
        StepAdjustments:
          - MetricIntervalUpperBound: 0
            ScalingAdjustment: -1
        MetricAggregationType: 'Average'
        Cooldown: 60

  ScaleUpPolicy:
    Type: AWS::ApplicationAutoScaling::ScalingPolicy
    DependsOn: ScalableTarget
    Properties:
      PolicyName:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - scale
            - !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
            - up
      PolicyType: StepScaling
      ResourceId:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - service
            - Fn::ImportValue:
                !Sub "${StackName}-ECSCluster"
            - !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      ScalableDimension: 'ecs:service:DesiredCount'
      ServiceNamespace: 'ecs'
      StepScalingPolicyConfiguration:
        AdjustmentType: 'ChangeInCapacity'
        StepAdjustments:
          - MetricIntervalLowerBound: 0
            MetricIntervalUpperBound: 15
            ScalingAdjustment: 1
          - MetricIntervalLowerBound: 15
            MetricIntervalUpperBound: 25
            ScalingAdjustment: 2
          - MetricIntervalLowerBound: 25
            ScalingAdjustment: 3
        MetricAggregationType: 'Average'
        Cooldown: 60

  # Create alarms to trigger these policies
  LowCpuUsageAlarm:
    Type: AWS::CloudWatch::Alarm
    Properties:
      AlarmName:
        Fn::Join:
          - '-'
          - - low-cpu
            - !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      AlarmDescription:
        Fn::Join:
          - ' '
          - - "Low CPU utilization for service"
            - !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      MetricName: CPUUtilization
      Namespace: AWS/ECS
      Dimensions:
        - Name: ServiceName
          Value: !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
        - Name: ClusterName
          Value:
            Fn::ImportValue:
              !Sub "${StackName}-ECSCluster"
      Statistic: Average
      Period: 60
      EvaluationPeriods: 1
      Threshold: 20
      ComparisonOperator: LessThanOrEqualToThreshold
      AlarmActions:
        - !Ref ScaleDownPolicy

  HighCpuUsageAlarm:
    Type: AWS::CloudWatch::Alarm
    Properties:
      AlarmName:
        Fn::Join:
          - '-'
          - - high-cpu
            - !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      AlarmDescription:
        Fn::Join:
          - ' '
          - - "High CPU utilization for service"
            - !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
      MetricName: CPUUtilization
      Namespace: AWS/ECS
      Dimensions:
        - Name: ServiceName
          Value: !Ref 'TaskNameInput'
        - Name: ClusterName
          Value:
            Fn::ImportValue:
              !Sub "${StackName}-ECSCluster"
      Statistic: Average
      Period: 60
      EvaluationPeriods: 1
      Threshold: 70
      ComparisonOperator: GreaterThanOrEqualToThreshold
      AlarmActions:
        - !Ref ScaleUpPolicy

  EcsSecurityGroupIngressFromPublicALB:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroupIngress
    Properties:
      Description: Ingress from the public ALB
      GroupId:
        Fn::ImportValue:
          !Sub "${StackName}-ContainerSecurityGroup"
      IpProtocol: -1
      SourceSecurityGroupId: !Ref 'PublicLoadBalancerSG'

  # Public load balancer, hosted in public subnets that is accessible
  # to the public, and is intended to route traffic to one or more public
  # facing services. This is used for accepting traffic from the public
  # internet and directing it to public facing microservices
  PublicLoadBalancerSG:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: Access to the public facing load balancer
      VpcId:
        Fn::ImportValue:
          !Sub "${StackName}-VPC"
      SecurityGroupIngress:
          # Allow access to ALB from anywhere on the internet
          - CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0
            IpProtocol: -1

  PublicLoadBalancer:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::LoadBalancer
    Properties:
      Scheme: internet-facing
      LoadBalancerAttributes:
      - Key: idle_timeout.timeout_seconds
        Value: '30'
      Subnets:
        # The load balancer is placed into the public subnets, so that traffic
        # from the internet can reach the load balancer directly via the internet gateway
        - Fn::ImportValue:
            !Sub "${StackName}-PublicSubnetOne"
        - Fn::ImportValue:
            !Sub "${StackName}-PublicSubnetTwo"
      SecurityGroups: [!Ref 'PublicLoadBalancerSG']

  PublicLoadBalancerListener:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::Listener
    DependsOn:
      - PublicLoadBalancer
    Properties:
      DefaultActions:
        - TargetGroupArn: !Ref 'TargetGroup'
          Type: 'forward'
      LoadBalancerArn: !Ref 'PublicLoadBalancer'
      Port: 80
      Protocol: HTTP
# These output values will be available to other templates to use.
Outputs:
  ServiceEndpoint:        # output
    Description: The URL to access the service
    Value: !Sub "http://${PublicLoadBalancer.DNSName}"
```

You can adapt these files for use with AWS Proton.

## Bring your infrastructure as code to AWS Proton
<a name="proton-tmp-files"></a>

With slight modifications, you can use [Example 1](#ag-env-cfn-example) as an infrastructure as code (IaC) file for an environment template bundle that AWS Proton uses to deploy an environment (as shown in [Example 3](#ag-proton-env-cfn-example)).

Instead of using the CloudFormation parameters, you use [Jinja](https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/2.11.x/templates/) syntax to reference parameters that you have defined in an [Open API](https://swagger.io/docs/specification/data-models/) based [schema file](ag-schema.md). These input parameters are commented for your convenience and referenced multiple times in the IaC file. This way, AWS Proton can audit and check parameter values. It can also match and insert output parameter values in one IaC file to parameters in another IaC file.

As administrator, you can add the AWS Proton `environment.inputs.` namespace to the input parameters. When you reference environment IaC file outputs in a service IaC file, you can add the `environment.outputs.` namespace to the outputs (for example, `environment.outputs.ClusterName`). Last, you surround them with curly braces and quotation marks.

With these modifications, your CloudFormation IaC files can be used by AWS Proton.

### Example 3: AWS Proton environment infrastructure as code file
<a name="ag-proton-env-cfn-example"></a>

```
AWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'
Description: AWS Fargate cluster running containers in a public subnet. Only supports
             public facing load balancer, and public service discovery prefixes.
Mappings:
  # The VPC and subnet configuration is passed in via the environment spec.
  SubnetConfig:
    VPC:
      CIDR: '{{ environment.inputs.vpc_cidr}}'        # input parameter
    PublicOne:
      CIDR: '{{ environment.inputs.subnet_one_cidr}}' # input parameter
    PublicTwo:
      CIDR: '{{ environment.inputs.subnet_two_cidr}}' # input parameter
Resources:
  VPC:
    Type: AWS::EC2::VPC
    Properties:
      EnableDnsSupport: true
      EnableDnsHostnames: true
      CidrBlock: !FindInMap ['SubnetConfig', 'VPC', 'CIDR']

  # Two public subnets, where containers will have public IP addresses
  PublicSubnetOne:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      AvailabilityZone:
         Fn::Select:
         - 0
         - Fn::GetAZs: {Ref: 'AWS::Region'}
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'
      CidrBlock: !FindInMap ['SubnetConfig', 'PublicOne', 'CIDR']
      MapPublicIpOnLaunch: true

  PublicSubnetTwo:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      AvailabilityZone:
         Fn::Select:
         - 1
         - Fn::GetAZs: {Ref: 'AWS::Region'}
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'
      CidrBlock: !FindInMap ['SubnetConfig', 'PublicTwo', 'CIDR']
      MapPublicIpOnLaunch: true

  # Setup networking resources for the public subnets. Containers
  # in the public subnets have public IP addresses and the routing table
  # sends network traffic via the internet gateway.
  InternetGateway:
    Type: AWS::EC2::InternetGateway
  GatewayAttachement:
    Type: AWS::EC2::VPCGatewayAttachment
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'
      InternetGatewayId: !Ref 'InternetGateway'
  PublicRouteTable:
    Type: AWS::EC2::RouteTable
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'
  PublicRoute:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Route
    DependsOn: GatewayAttachement
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref 'PublicRouteTable'
      DestinationCidrBlock: '0.0.0.0/0'
      GatewayId: !Ref 'InternetGateway'
  PublicSubnetOneRouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnetOne
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable
  PublicSubnetTwoRouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnetTwo
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable

  # ECS Resources
  ECSCluster:
    Type: AWS::ECS::Cluster

  # A security group for the containers we will run in Fargate.
  # Rules are added to this security group based on what ingress you
  # add for the cluster.
  ContainerSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: Access to the Fargate containers
      VpcId: !Ref 'VPC'

  # This is a role which is used by the ECS tasks themselves.
  ECSTaskExecutionRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
        - Effect: Allow
          Principal:
            Service: [ecs-tasks.amazonaws.com]
          Action: ['sts:AssumeRole']
      Path: /
      ManagedPolicyArns:
        - 'arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonECSTaskExecutionRolePolicy'

# These output values are available to service infrastructure as code files as outputs, when given the 
# the 'service_instance.environment.outputs.' namespace, for example, service_instance.environment.outputs.ClusterName.

Outputs:
  ClusterName:                                            # output
    Description: The name of the ECS cluster
    Value: !Ref 'ECSCluster'
  ECSTaskExecutionRole:                                   # output
    Description: The ARN of the ECS role
    Value: !GetAtt 'ECSTaskExecutionRole.Arn'
  VpcId:                                                  # output
    Description: The ID of the VPC that this stack is deployed in
    Value: !Ref 'VPC'
  PublicSubnetOne:                                        # output
    Description: Public subnet one
    Value: !Ref 'PublicSubnetOne'
  PublicSubnetTwo:                                        # output
    Description: Public subnet two
    Value: !Ref 'PublicSubnetTwo'
  ContainerSecurityGroup:                                 # output
    Description: A security group used to allow Fargate containers to receive traffic
    Value: !Ref 'ContainerSecurityGroup'
```

The IaC files in [Example 1](#ag-env-cfn-example) and [Example 3](#ag-proton-env-cfn-example) produce slightly different CloudFormation stacks. Parameters are displayed differently in the stack template files. The *Example 1* CloudFormation stack template file displays the parameter labels (keys) in the stack template view. The *Example 3* AWS Proton CloudFormation infrastructure stack template file displays the parameter values. AWS Proton input parameters *don’t* appear in the console CloudFormation stack parameters view.

In [Example 4](#ag-proton-svc-cfn-example), the AWS Proton service IaC file corresponds with [Example 2](#ag-svc-cfn-example).

### Example 4: AWS Proton service instance IaC file
<a name="ag-proton-svc-cfn-example"></a>

```
AWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'
Description: Deploy a service on AWS Fargate, hosted in a public subnet, and accessible via a public load balancer.
Mappings:
  TaskSize:
    x-small:
      cpu: 256
      memory: 512
    small:
      cpu: 512
      memory: 1024
    medium:
      cpu: 1024
      memory: 2048
    large:
      cpu: 2048
      memory: 4096
    x-large:
      cpu: 4096
      memory: 8192
Resources:
  # A log group for storing the stdout logs from this service's containers
  LogGroup:
    Type: AWS::Logs::LogGroup
    Properties:
      LogGroupName: '{{service_instance.name}}' # resource parameter

  # The task definition. This is a simple metadata description of what
  # container to run, and what resource requirements it has.
  TaskDefinition:
    Type: AWS::ECS::TaskDefinition
    Properties:
      Family: '{{service_instance.name}}'
      Cpu: !FindInMap [TaskSize, {{service_instance.inputs.task_size}}, cpu] # input parameter
      Memory: !FindInMap [TaskSize, {{service_instance.inputs.task_size}}, memory] 
      NetworkMode: awsvpc
      RequiresCompatibilities:
        - FARGATE
      ExecutionRoleArn: '{{environment.outputs.ECSTaskExecutionRole}}' # output from an environment infrastructure as code file
      TaskRoleArn: !Ref "AWS::NoValue"
      ContainerDefinitions:
        - Name: '{{service_instance.name}}'
          Cpu: !FindInMap [TaskSize, {{service_instance.inputs.task_size}}, cpu]
          Memory: !FindInMap [TaskSize, {{service_instance.inputs.task_size}}, memory]
          Image: '{{service_instance.inputs.image}}'
          PortMappings:
            - ContainerPort: '{{service_instance.inputs.port}}' # input parameter
          LogConfiguration:
            LogDriver: 'awslogs'
            Options:
              awslogs-group: '{{service_instance.name}}'
              awslogs-region: !Ref 'AWS::Region'
              awslogs-stream-prefix: '{{service_instance.name}}'

  # The service_instance. The service is a resource which allows you to run multiple
  # copies of a type of task, and gather up their logs and metrics, as well
  # as monitor the number of running tasks and replace any that have crashed
  Service:
    Type: AWS::ECS::Service
    DependsOn: LoadBalancerRule
    Properties:
      ServiceName: '{{service_instance.name}}'
      Cluster: '{{environment.outputs.ClusterName}}' # output from an environment infrastructure as code file
      LaunchType: FARGATE
      DeploymentConfiguration:
        MaximumPercent: 200
        MinimumHealthyPercent: 75
      DesiredCount: '{{service_instance.inputs.desired_count}}'       # input parameter
      NetworkConfiguration:
        AwsvpcConfiguration:
          AssignPublicIp: ENABLED
          SecurityGroups:
            - '{{environment.outputs.ContainerSecurityGroup}}' # output from an environment infrastructure as code file
          Subnets:
            - '{{environment.outputs.PublicSubnetOne}}'        # output from an environment infrastructure as code file
            - '{{environment.outputs.PublicSubnetTwo}}'
      TaskDefinition: !Ref 'TaskDefinition'
      LoadBalancers:
        - ContainerName: '{{service_instance.name}}'
          ContainerPort: '{{service_instance.inputs.port}}'
          TargetGroupArn: !Ref 'TargetGroup'

  # A target group. This is used for keeping track of all the tasks, and
  # what IP addresses / port numbers they have. You can query it yourself,
  # to use the addresses yourself, but most often this target group is just
  # connected to an application load balancer, or network load balancer, so
  # it can automatically distribute traffic across all the targets.
  TargetGroup:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::TargetGroup
    Properties:
      HealthCheckIntervalSeconds: 6
      HealthCheckPath: /
      HealthCheckProtocol: HTTP
      HealthCheckTimeoutSeconds: 5
      HealthyThresholdCount: 2
      TargetType: ip
      Name: '{{service_instance.name}}'
      Port: '{{service_instance.inputs.port}}'
      Protocol: HTTP
      UnhealthyThresholdCount: 2
      VpcId: '{{environment.outputs.VpcId}}' # output from an environment infrastructure as code file

  # Create a rule on the load balancer for routing traffic to the target group
  LoadBalancerRule:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::ListenerRule
    Properties:
      Actions:
        - TargetGroupArn: !Ref 'TargetGroup'
          Type: 'forward'
      Conditions:
        - Field: path-pattern
          Values:
            - '*'
      ListenerArn: !Ref PublicLoadBalancerListener
      Priority: 1

  # Enable autoscaling for this service
  ScalableTarget:
    Type: AWS::ApplicationAutoScaling::ScalableTarget
    DependsOn: Service
    Properties:
      ServiceNamespace: 'ecs'
      ScalableDimension: 'ecs:service:DesiredCount'
      ResourceId:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - service
            - '{{environment.outputs.ClusterName}}' # output from an environment infrastructure as code file
            - '{{service_instance.name}}'
      MinCapacity: 1
      MaxCapacity: 10
      RoleARN: !Sub arn:aws:iam::${AWS::AccountId}:role/aws-service-role/ecs.application-autoscaling.amazonaws.com/AWSServiceRoleForApplicationAutoScaling_ECSService

  # Create scaling policies for the service
  ScaleDownPolicy:
    Type: AWS::ApplicationAutoScaling::ScalingPolicy
    DependsOn: ScalableTarget
    Properties:
      PolicyName:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - scale
            - '{{service_instance.name}}'
            - down
      PolicyType: StepScaling
      ResourceId:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - service
            - '{{environment.outputs.ClusterName}}'
            - '{{service_instance.name}}'
      ScalableDimension: 'ecs:service:DesiredCount'
      ServiceNamespace: 'ecs'
      StepScalingPolicyConfiguration:
        AdjustmentType: 'ChangeInCapacity'
        StepAdjustments:
          - MetricIntervalUpperBound: 0
            ScalingAdjustment: -1
        MetricAggregationType: 'Average'
        Cooldown: 60

  ScaleUpPolicy:
    Type: AWS::ApplicationAutoScaling::ScalingPolicy
    DependsOn: ScalableTarget
    Properties:
      PolicyName:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - scale
            - '{{service_instance.name}}'
            - up
      PolicyType: StepScaling
      ResourceId:
        Fn::Join:
          - '/'
          - - service
            - '{{environment.outputs.ClusterName}}'
            - '{{service_instance.name}}'
      ScalableDimension: 'ecs:service:DesiredCount'
      ServiceNamespace: 'ecs'
      StepScalingPolicyConfiguration:
        AdjustmentType: 'ChangeInCapacity'
        StepAdjustments:
          - MetricIntervalLowerBound: 0
            MetricIntervalUpperBound: 15
            ScalingAdjustment: 1
          - MetricIntervalLowerBound: 15
            MetricIntervalUpperBound: 25
            ScalingAdjustment: 2
          - MetricIntervalLowerBound: 25
            ScalingAdjustment: 3
        MetricAggregationType: 'Average'
        Cooldown: 60

  # Create alarms to trigger these policies
  LowCpuUsageAlarm:
    Type: AWS::CloudWatch::Alarm
    Properties:
      AlarmName:
        Fn::Join:
          - '-'
          - - low-cpu
            - '{{service_instance.name}}'
      AlarmDescription:
        Fn::Join:
          - ' '
          - - "Low CPU utilization for service"
            - '{{service_instance.name}}'
      MetricName: CPUUtilization
      Namespace: AWS/ECS
      Dimensions:
        - Name: ServiceName
          Value: '{{service_instance.name}}'
        - Name: ClusterName
          Value:
            '{{environment.outputs.ClusterName}}'
      Statistic: Average
      Period: 60
      EvaluationPeriods: 1
      Threshold: 20
      ComparisonOperator: LessThanOrEqualToThreshold
      AlarmActions:
        - !Ref ScaleDownPolicy

  HighCpuUsageAlarm:
    Type: AWS::CloudWatch::Alarm
    Properties:
      AlarmName:
        Fn::Join:
          - '-'
          - - high-cpu
            - '{{service_instance.name}}'
      AlarmDescription:
        Fn::Join:
          - ' '
          - - "High CPU utilization for service"
            - '{{service_instance.name}}'
      MetricName: CPUUtilization
      Namespace: AWS/ECS
      Dimensions:
        - Name: ServiceName
          Value: '{{service_instance.name}}'
        - Name: ClusterName
          Value:
            '{{environment.outputs.ClusterName}}'
      Statistic: Average
      Period: 60
      EvaluationPeriods: 1
      Threshold: 70
      ComparisonOperator: GreaterThanOrEqualToThreshold
      AlarmActions:
        - !Ref ScaleUpPolicy

  EcsSecurityGroupIngressFromPublicALB:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroupIngress
    Properties:
      Description: Ingress from the public ALB
      GroupId: '{{environment.outputs.ContainerSecurityGroup}}'
      IpProtocol: -1
      SourceSecurityGroupId: !Ref 'PublicLoadBalancerSG'

  # Public load balancer, hosted in public subnets that is accessible
  # to the public, and is intended to route traffic to one or more public
  # facing services. This is used for accepting traffic from the public
  # internet and directing it to public facing microservices
  PublicLoadBalancerSG:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: Access to the public facing load balancer
      VpcId: '{{environment.outputs.VpcId}}'
      SecurityGroupIngress:
          # Allow access to ALB from anywhere on the internet
          - CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0
            IpProtocol: -1

  PublicLoadBalancer:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::LoadBalancer
    Properties:
      Scheme: internet-facing
      LoadBalancerAttributes:
      - Key: idle_timeout.timeout_seconds
        Value: '30'
      Subnets:
        # The load balancer is placed into the public subnets, so that traffic
        # from the internet can reach the load balancer directly via the internet gateway
        - '{{environment.outputs.PublicSubnetOne}}'
        - '{{environment.outputs.PublicSubnetTwo}}'
      SecurityGroups: [!Ref 'PublicLoadBalancerSG']

  PublicLoadBalancerListener:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::Listener
    DependsOn:
      - PublicLoadBalancer
    Properties:
      DefaultActions:
        - TargetGroupArn: !Ref 'TargetGroup'
          Type: 'forward'
      LoadBalancerArn: !Ref 'PublicLoadBalancer'
      Port: 80
      Protocol: HTTP
Outputs:
  ServiceEndpoint:         # output
    Description: The URL to access the service
    Value: !Sub "http://${PublicLoadBalancer.DNSName}"
```

In [Example 5](#ag-proton-pipeline-cfn-example), the AWS Proton pipeline IaC file provisions the pipeline infrastructure to support the service instances provisioned by [Example 4](#ag-proton-svc-cfn-example).

### Example 5: AWS Proton service pipeline IaC file
<a name="ag-proton-pipeline-cfn-example"></a>

```
Resources:
  ECRRepo:
    Type: AWS::ECR::Repository
    DeletionPolicy: Retain
  BuildProject:
    Type: AWS::CodeBuild::Project
    Properties:
      Artifacts:
        Type: CODEPIPELINE
      Environment:
        ComputeType: BUILD_GENERAL1_SMALL
        Image: aws/codebuild/amazonlinux2-x86_64-standard:3.0
        PrivilegedMode: true
        Type: LINUX_CONTAINER
        EnvironmentVariables:
        - Name: repo_name
          Type: PLAINTEXT
          Value: !Ref ECRRepo
        - Name: service_name
          Type: PLAINTEXT
          Value: '{{ service.name }}'    # resource parameter
      ServiceRole:
        Fn::GetAtt:
          - PublishRole
          - Arn
      Source:
        BuildSpec:
          Fn::Join:
            - ""
            - - >-
                {
                  "version": "0.2",
                  "phases": {
                    "install": {
                      "runtime-versions": {
                        "docker": 18
                      },
                      "commands": [
                        "pip3 install --upgrade --user awscli",
                        "echo 'f6bd1536a743ab170b35c94ed4c7c4479763356bd543af5d391122f4af852460  yq_linux_amd64' > yq_linux_amd64.sha",
                        "wget https://github.com/mikefarah/yq/releases/download/3.4.0/yq_linux_amd64",
                        "sha256sum -c yq_linux_amd64.sha",
                        "mv yq_linux_amd64 /usr/bin/yq",
                        "chmod +x /usr/bin/yq"
                      ]
                    },
                    "pre_build": {
                      "commands": [
                        "cd $CODEBUILD_SRC_DIR",
                        "$(aws ecr get-login --no-include-email --region $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION)",
                        "{{ pipeline.inputs.unit_test_command }}",    # input parameter
                      ]
                    },
                    "build": {
                      "commands": [
                        "IMAGE_REPO_NAME=$repo_name",
                        "IMAGE_TAG=$CODEBUILD_BUILD_NUMBER",
                        "IMAGE_ID=
              - Ref: AWS::AccountId
              - >-
                .dkr.ecr.$AWS_DEFAULT_REGION.amazonaws.com/$IMAGE_REPO_NAME:$IMAGE_TAG",
                        "docker build -t $IMAGE_REPO_NAME:$IMAGE_TAG -f {{ pipeline.inputs.dockerfile }} .",     # input parameter
                        "docker tag $IMAGE_REPO_NAME:$IMAGE_TAG $IMAGE_ID;",
                        "docker push $IMAGE_ID"
                      ]
                    },
                    "post_build": {
                      "commands": [
                        "aws proton --region $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION get-service --name $service_name | jq -r .service.spec > service.yaml",
                        "yq w service.yaml 'instances[*].spec.image' \"$IMAGE_ID\" > rendered_service.yaml"
                      ]
                    }
                  },
                  "artifacts": {
                    "files": [
                      "rendered_service.yaml"
                    ]
                  }
                }
        Type: CODEPIPELINE
      EncryptionKey:
        Fn::GetAtt:
          - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
          - Arn
{% for service_instance in service_instances %}
  Deploy{{loop.index}}Project:
    Type: AWS::CodeBuild::Project
    Properties:
      Artifacts:
        Type: CODEPIPELINE
      Environment:
        ComputeType: BUILD_GENERAL1_SMALL
        Image: aws/codebuild/amazonlinux2-x86_64-standard:3.0
        PrivilegedMode: false
        Type: LINUX_CONTAINER
        EnvironmentVariables:
        - Name: service_name
          Type: PLAINTEXT
          Value:  '{{service.name}}'          # resource parameter
        - Name: service_instance_name
          Type: PLAINTEXT
          Value: '{{service_instance.name}}'  # resource parameter
      ServiceRole:
        Fn::GetAtt:
          - DeploymentRole
          - Arn
      Source:
        BuildSpec: >-
          {
            "version": "0.2",
            "phases": {
              "build": {
                "commands": [
                  "pip3 install --upgrade --user awscli",
                  "aws proton --region $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION update-service-instance --deployment-type CURRENT_VERSION --name $service_instance_name --service-name $service_name --spec file://rendered_service.yaml",
                  "aws proton --region $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION wait service-instance-deployed --name $service_instance_name --service-name $service_name"
                ]
              }
            }
          }
        Type: CODEPIPELINE
      EncryptionKey:
        Fn::GetAtt:
          - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
          - Arn
{% endfor %}
  # This role is used to build and publish an image to ECR
  PublishRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              Service: codebuild.amazonaws.com
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  PublishRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - logs:CreateLogGroup
              - logs:CreateLogStream
              - logs:PutLogEvents
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":logs:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Region
                    - ":"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :log-group:/aws/codebuild/
                    - Ref: BuildProject
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":logs:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Region
                    - ":"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :log-group:/aws/codebuild/
                    - Ref: BuildProject
                    - :*
          - Action:
              - codebuild:CreateReportGroup
              - codebuild:CreateReport
              - codebuild:UpdateReport
              - codebuild:BatchPutTestCases
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::Join:
                - ""
                - - "arn:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Partition
                  - ":codebuild:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Region
                  - ":"
                  - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                  - :report-group/
                  - Ref: BuildProject
                  - -*
          - Action:
              - ecr:GetAuthorizationToken
            Effect: Allow
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - ecr:BatchCheckLayerAvailability
              - ecr:CompleteLayerUpload
              - ecr:GetAuthorizationToken
              - ecr:InitiateLayerUpload
              - ecr:PutImage
              - ecr:UploadLayerPart
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - ECRRepo
                - Arn
          - Action:
              - proton:GetService
            Effect: Allow
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - s3:GetObject*
              - s3:GetBucket*
              - s3:List*
              - s3:DeleteObject*
              - s3:PutObject*
              - s3:Abort*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                  - Arn
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - Fn::GetAtt:
                        - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                        - Arn
                    - /*
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: PublishRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: PublishRole

  DeploymentRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              Service: codebuild.amazonaws.com
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  DeploymentRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - logs:CreateLogGroup
              - logs:CreateLogStream
              - logs:PutLogEvents
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":logs:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Region
                    - ":"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :log-group:/aws/codebuild/Deploy*Project*
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":logs:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Region
                    - ":"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :log-group:/aws/codebuild/Deploy*Project:*
          - Action:
              - codebuild:CreateReportGroup
              - codebuild:CreateReport
              - codebuild:UpdateReport
              - codebuild:BatchPutTestCases
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::Join:
                - ""
                - - "arn:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Partition
                  - ":codebuild:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Region
                  - ":"
                  - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                  - :report-group/Deploy*Project
                  - -*
          - Action:
              - proton:UpdateServiceInstance
              - proton:GetServiceInstance
            Effect: Allow
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - s3:GetObject*
              - s3:GetBucket*
              - s3:List*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                  - Arn
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - Fn::GetAtt:
                        - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                        - Arn
                    - /*
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: DeploymentRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: DeploymentRole
  PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey:
    Type: AWS::KMS::Key
    Properties:
      KeyPolicy:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - kms:Create*
              - kms:Describe*
              - kms:Enable*
              - kms:List*
              - kms:Put*
              - kms:Update*
              - kms:Revoke*
              - kms:Disable*
              - kms:Get*
              - kms:Delete*
              - kms:ScheduleKeyDeletion
              - kms:CancelKeyDeletion
              - kms:GenerateDataKey
              - kms:TagResource
              - kms:UntagResource
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":iam::"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :root
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PublishRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PublishRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - DeploymentRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - DeploymentRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
    UpdateReplacePolicy: Delete
    DeletionPolicy: Delete
  PipelineArtifactsBucket:
    Type: AWS::S3::Bucket
    Properties:
      VersioningConfiguration:
        Status: Enabled
      BucketEncryption:
        ServerSideEncryptionConfiguration:
          - ServerSideEncryptionByDefault:
              KMSMasterKeyID:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                  - Arn
              SSEAlgorithm: aws:kms
      PublicAccessBlockConfiguration:
        BlockPublicAcls: true
        BlockPublicPolicy: true
        IgnorePublicAcls: true
        RestrictPublicBuckets: true
    UpdateReplacePolicy: Retain
    DeletionPolicy: Retain
  PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKeyAlias:
    Type: AWS::KMS::Alias
    Properties:
      AliasName: 'alias/codepipeline-encryption-key-{{ service.name }}'
      TargetKeyId:
        Fn::GetAtt:
          - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
          - Arn
    UpdateReplacePolicy: Delete
    DeletionPolicy: Delete
  PipelineRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              Service: codepipeline.amazonaws.com
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  PipelineRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - s3:GetObject*
              - s3:GetBucket*
              - s3:List*
              - s3:DeleteObject*
              - s3:PutObject*
              - s3:Abort*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                  - Arn
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - Fn::GetAtt:
                        - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                        - Arn
                    - /*
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
          - Action: codestar-connections:*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource: "*"
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRole
                - Arn
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRole
                - Arn
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: PipelineRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: PipelineRole
  Pipeline:
    Type: AWS::CodePipeline::Pipeline
    Properties:
      RoleArn:
        Fn::GetAtt:
          - PipelineRole
          - Arn
      Stages:
        - Actions:
            - ActionTypeId:
                Category: Source
                Owner: AWS
                Provider: CodeStarSourceConnection
                Version: "1"
              Configuration:
                ConnectionArn: '{{ service.repository_connection_arn }}'
                FullRepositoryId: '{{ service.repository_id }}'
                BranchName: '{{ service.branch_name }}'
              Name: Checkout
              OutputArtifacts:
                - Name: Artifact_Source_Checkout
              RunOrder: 1
          Name: Source
        - Actions:
            - ActionTypeId:
                Category: Build
                Owner: AWS
                Provider: CodeBuild
                Version: "1"
              Configuration:
                ProjectName:
                  Ref: BuildProject
              InputArtifacts:
                - Name: Artifact_Source_Checkout
              Name: Build
              OutputArtifacts:
                - Name: BuildOutput
              RoleArn:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRole
                  - Arn
              RunOrder: 1
          Name: Build {%- for service_instance in service_instances %}
        - Actions:
            - ActionTypeId:
                Category: Build
                Owner: AWS
                Provider: CodeBuild
                Version: "1"
              Configuration:
                ProjectName:
                  Ref: Deploy{{loop.index}}Project
              InputArtifacts:
                - Name: BuildOutput
              Name: Deploy
              RoleArn:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRole
                  - Arn
              RunOrder: 1
          Name: 'Deploy{{service_instance.name}}'
{%- endfor %}
      ArtifactStore:
        EncryptionKey:
          Id:
            Fn::GetAtt:
              - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
              - Arn
          Type: KMS
        Location:
          Ref: PipelineArtifactsBucket
        Type: S3
    DependsOn:
      - PipelineRoleDefaultPolicy
      - PipelineRole
  PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":iam::"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :root
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - codebuild:BatchGetBuilds
              - codebuild:StartBuild
              - codebuild:StopBuild
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - BuildProject
                - Arn
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRole
  PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":iam::"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :root
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - codebuild:BatchGetBuilds
              - codebuild:StartBuild
              - codebuild:StopBuild
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::Join:
                - ""
                - - "arn:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Partition
                  - ":codebuild:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Region
                  - ":"
                  - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                  - ":project/Deploy*"
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRole
Outputs:
  PipelineEndpoint:
    Description: The URL to access the pipeline
    Value: !Sub "https://${AWS::Region}.console.aws.amazon.com/codesuite/codepipeline/pipelines/${Pipeline}/view?region=${AWS::Region}"

                ]
              }
            }
          }
        Type: CODEPIPELINE
      EncryptionKey:
        Fn::GetAtt:
          - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
          - Arn
{% endfor %}
  # This role is used to build and publish an image to ECR
  PublishRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              Service: codebuild.amazonaws.com
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  PublishRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - logs:CreateLogGroup
              - logs:CreateLogStream
              - logs:PutLogEvents
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":logs:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Region
                    - ":"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :log-group:/aws/codebuild/
                    - Ref: BuildProject
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":logs:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Region
                    - ":"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :log-group:/aws/codebuild/
                    - Ref: BuildProject
                    - :*
          - Action:
              - codebuild:CreateReportGroup
              - codebuild:CreateReport
              - codebuild:UpdateReport
              - codebuild:BatchPutTestCases
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::Join:
                - ""
                - - "arn:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Partition
                  - ":codebuild:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Region
                  - ":"
                  - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                  - :report-group/
                  - Ref: BuildProject
                  - -*
          - Action:
              - ecr:GetAuthorizationToken
            Effect: Allow
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - ecr:BatchCheckLayerAvailability
              - ecr:CompleteLayerUpload
              - ecr:GetAuthorizationToken
              - ecr:InitiateLayerUpload
              - ecr:PutImage
              - ecr:UploadLayerPart
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - ECRRepo
                - Arn
          - Action:
              - proton:GetService
            Effect: Allow
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - s3:GetObject*
              - s3:GetBucket*
              - s3:List*
              - s3:DeleteObject*
              - s3:PutObject*
              - s3:Abort*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                  - Arn
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - Fn::GetAtt:
                        - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                        - Arn
                    - /*
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: PublishRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: PublishRole

  DeploymentRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              Service: codebuild.amazonaws.com
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  DeploymentRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - logs:CreateLogGroup
              - logs:CreateLogStream
              - logs:PutLogEvents
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":logs:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Region
                    - ":"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :log-group:/aws/codebuild/Deploy*Project*
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":logs:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Region
                    - ":"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :log-group:/aws/codebuild/Deploy*Project:*
          - Action:
              - codebuild:CreateReportGroup
              - codebuild:CreateReport
              - codebuild:UpdateReport
              - codebuild:BatchPutTestCases
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::Join:
                - ""
                - - "arn:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Partition
                  - ":codebuild:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Region
                  - ":"
                  - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                  - :report-group/Deploy*Project
                  - -*
          - Action:
              - proton:UpdateServiceInstance
              - proton:GetServiceInstance
            Effect: Allow
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - s3:GetObject*
              - s3:GetBucket*
              - s3:List*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                  - Arn
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - Fn::GetAtt:
                        - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                        - Arn
                    - /*
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: DeploymentRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: DeploymentRole
  PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey:
    Type: AWS::KMS::Key
    Properties:
      KeyPolicy:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - kms:Create*
              - kms:Describe*
              - kms:Enable*
              - kms:List*
              - kms:Put*
              - kms:Update*
              - kms:Revoke*
              - kms:Disable*
              - kms:Get*
              - kms:Delete*
              - kms:ScheduleKeyDeletion
              - kms:CancelKeyDeletion
              - kms:GenerateDataKey
              - kms:TagResource
              - kms:UntagResource
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":iam::"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :root
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PublishRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PublishRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - DeploymentRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - DeploymentRole
                  - Arn
            Resource: "*"
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
    UpdateReplacePolicy: Delete
    DeletionPolicy: Delete
  PipelineArtifactsBucket:
    Type: AWS::S3::Bucket
    Properties:
      BucketEncryption:
        ServerSideEncryptionConfiguration:
          - ServerSideEncryptionByDefault:
              KMSMasterKeyID:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                  - Arn
              SSEAlgorithm: aws:kms
      PublicAccessBlockConfiguration:
        BlockPublicAcls: true
        BlockPublicPolicy: true
        IgnorePublicAcls: true
        RestrictPublicBuckets: true
    UpdateReplacePolicy: Retain
    DeletionPolicy: Retain
  PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKeyAlias:
    Type: AWS::KMS::Alias
    Properties:
      AliasName: 'alias/codepipeline-encryption-key-{{ service.name }}'     # resource parameter
      TargetKeyId:
        Fn::GetAtt:
          - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
          - Arn
    UpdateReplacePolicy: Delete
    DeletionPolicy: Delete
  PipelineRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              Service: codepipeline.amazonaws.com
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  PipelineRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - s3:GetObject*
              - s3:GetBucket*
              - s3:List*
              - s3:DeleteObject*
              - s3:PutObject*
              - s3:Abort*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              - Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                  - Arn
              - Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - Fn::GetAtt:
                        - PipelineArtifactsBucket
                        - Arn
                    - /*
          - Action:
              - kms:Decrypt
              - kms:DescribeKey
              - kms:Encrypt
              - kms:ReEncrypt*
              - kms:GenerateDataKey*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
                - Arn
          - Action: codestar-connections:*
            Effect: Allow
            Resource: "*"
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRole
                - Arn
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRole
                - Arn
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: PipelineRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: PipelineRole
  Pipeline:
    Type: AWS::CodePipeline::Pipeline
    Properties:
      RoleArn:
        Fn::GetAtt:
          - PipelineRole
          - Arn
      Stages:
        - Actions:
            - ActionTypeId:
                Category: Source
                Owner: AWS
                Provider: CodeStarSourceConnection
                Version: "1"
              Configuration:
                ConnectionArn: '{{ service.repository_connection_arn }}'   # resource parameter
                FullRepositoryId: '{{ service.repository_id }}'            # resource parameter
                BranchName: '{{ service.branch_name }}'                    # resource parameter
              Name: Checkout
              OutputArtifacts:
                - Name: Artifact_Source_Checkout
              RunOrder: 1
          Name: Source
        - Actions:
            - ActionTypeId:
                Category: Build
                Owner: AWS
                Provider: CodeBuild
                Version: "1"
              Configuration:
                ProjectName:
                  Ref: BuildProject
              InputArtifacts:
                - Name: Artifact_Source_Checkout
              Name: Build
              OutputArtifacts:
                - Name: BuildOutput
              RoleArn:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRole
                  - Arn
              RunOrder: 1
          Name: Build {%- for service_instance in service_instances %}
        - Actions:
            - ActionTypeId:
                Category: Build
                Owner: AWS
                Provider: CodeBuild
                Version: "1"
              Configuration:
                ProjectName:
                  Ref: Deploy{{loop.index}}Project
              InputArtifacts:
                - Name: BuildOutput
              Name: Deploy
              RoleArn:
                Fn::GetAtt:
                  - PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRole
                  - Arn
              RunOrder: 1
          Name: 'Deploy{{service_instance.name}}'         # resource parameter
{%- endfor %}
      ArtifactStore:
        EncryptionKey:
          Id:
            Fn::GetAtt:
              - PipelineArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
              - Arn
          Type: KMS
        Location:
          Ref: PipelineArtifactsBucket
        Type: S3
    DependsOn:
      - PipelineRoleDefaultPolicy
      - PipelineRole
  PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":iam::"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :root
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - codebuild:BatchGetBuilds
              - codebuild:StartBuild
              - codebuild:StopBuild
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::GetAtt:
                - BuildProject
                - Arn
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: PipelineBuildCodePipelineActionRole
  PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action: sts:AssumeRole
            Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              AWS:
                Fn::Join:
                  - ""
                  - - "arn:"
                    - Ref: AWS::Partition
                    - ":iam::"
                    - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                    - :root
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
  PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRoleDefaultPolicy:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Policy
    Properties:
      PolicyDocument:
        Statement:
          - Action:
              - codebuild:BatchGetBuilds
              - codebuild:StartBuild
              - codebuild:StopBuild
            Effect: Allow
            Resource:
              Fn::Join:
                - ""
                - - "arn:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Partition
                  - ":codebuild:"
                  - Ref: AWS::Region
                  - ":"
                  - Ref: AWS::AccountId
                  - ":project/Deploy*"
        Version: "2012-10-17"		 	 	 
      PolicyName: PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRoleDefaultPolicy
      Roles:
        - Ref: PipelineDeployCodePipelineActionRole
Outputs:
  PipelineEndpoint:
    Description: The URL to access the pipeline
    Value: !Sub "https://${AWS::Region}.console.aws.amazon.com/codesuite/codepipeline/pipelines/${Pipeline}/view?region=${AWS::Region}"
```