DynamoDB examples using SDK for Java 2.x

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ListTablesRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ListTablesResponse;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class ListTables {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Listing your Amazon DynamoDB tables:\n");
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();
        listAllTables(ddb);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void listAllTables(DynamoDbClient ddb) {
        boolean moreTables = true;
        String lastName = null;

        while (moreTables) {
            try {
                ListTablesResponse response = null;
                if (lastName == null) {
                    ListTablesRequest request = ListTablesRequest.builder().build();
                    response = ddb.listTables(request);
                } else {
                    ListTablesRequest request = ListTablesRequest.builder()
                            .exclusiveStartTableName(lastName).build();
                    response = ddb.listTables(request);
                }

                List<String> tableNames = response.tableNames();
                if (tableNames.size() > 0) {
                    for (String curName : tableNames) {
                        System.out.format("* %s\n", curName);
                    }
                } else {
                    System.out.println("No tables found!");
                    System.exit(0);
                }

                lastName = response.lastEvaluatedTableName();
                if (lastName == null) {
                    moreTables = false;
                }

            } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
                System.err.println(e.getMessage());
                System.exit(1);
            }
        }
        System.out.println("\nDone!");
    }
}

Create a DynamoDB table.

    // Create a table with a Sort key.
    public static void createTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        DynamoDbWaiter dbWaiter = ddb.waiter();
        ArrayList<AttributeDefinition> attributeDefinitions = new ArrayList<>();

        // Define attributes.
        attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
            .attributeName("year")
            .attributeType("N")
            .build());

        attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
            .attributeName("title")
            .attributeType("S")
            .build());

        ArrayList<KeySchemaElement> tableKey = new ArrayList<>();
        KeySchemaElement key = KeySchemaElement.builder()
            .attributeName("year")
            .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
            .build();

        KeySchemaElement key2 = KeySchemaElement.builder()
            .attributeName("title")
            .keyType(KeyType.RANGE)
            .build();

        // Add KeySchemaElement objects to the list.
        tableKey.add(key);
        tableKey.add(key2);

        CreateTableRequest request = CreateTableRequest.builder()
            .keySchema(tableKey)
            .billingMode(BillingMode.PAY_PER_REQUEST) //  DynamoDB automatically scales based on traffic.
            .attributeDefinitions(attributeDefinitions)
            .tableName(tableName)
            .build();

        try {
            CreateTableResponse response = ddb.createTable(request);
            DescribeTableRequest tableRequest = DescribeTableRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .build();

            // Wait until the Amazon DynamoDB table is created.
            WaiterResponse<DescribeTableResponse> waiterResponse = dbWaiter.waitUntilTableExists(tableRequest);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
            String newTable = response.tableDescription().tableName();
            System.out.println("The " + newTable + " was successfully created.");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Create a helper function to download and extract the sample JSON file.

    // Load data into the table.
    public static void loadData(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName, String fileName) throws IOException {
        DynamoDbEnhancedClient enhancedClient = DynamoDbEnhancedClient.builder()
            .dynamoDbClient(ddb)
            .build();

        DynamoDbTable<Movies> mappedTable = enhancedClient.table("Movies", TableSchema.fromBean(Movies.class));
        JsonParser parser = new JsonFactory().createParser(new File(fileName));
        com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode rootNode = new ObjectMapper().readTree(parser);
        Iterator<JsonNode> iter = rootNode.iterator();
        ObjectNode currentNode;
        int t = 0;
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            // Only add 200 Movies to the table.
            if (t == 200)
                break;
            currentNode = (ObjectNode) iter.next();

            int year = currentNode.path("year").asInt();
            String title = currentNode.path("title").asText();
            String info = currentNode.path("info").toString();

            Movies movies = new Movies();
            movies.setYear(year);
            movies.setTitle(title);
            movies.setInfo(info);

            // Put the data into the Amazon DynamoDB Movie table.
            mappedTable.putItem(movies);
            t++;
        }
    }

Get an item from a table.

    public static void getItem(DynamoDbClient ddb) {

        HashMap<String, AttributeValue> keyToGet = new HashMap<>();
        keyToGet.put("year", AttributeValue.builder()
            .n("1933")
            .build());

        keyToGet.put("title", AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("King Kong")
            .build());

        GetItemRequest request = GetItemRequest.builder()
            .key(keyToGet)
            .tableName("Movies")
            .build();

        try {
            Map<String, AttributeValue> returnedItem = ddb.getItem(request).item();

            if (returnedItem != null) {
                Set<String> keys = returnedItem.keySet();
                System.out.println("Amazon DynamoDB table attributes: \n");

                for (String key1 : keys) {
                    System.out.format("%s: %s\n", key1, returnedItem.get(key1).toString());
                }
            } else {
                System.out.format("No item found with the key %s!\n", "year");
            }

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Full example.

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 * <p>
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 * <p>
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 * <p>
 * This Java example performs these tasks:
 * <p>
 * 1. Creates the Amazon DynamoDB Movie table with partition and sort key.
 * 2. Puts data into the Amazon DynamoDB table from a JSON document using the
 * Enhanced client.
 * 3. Gets data from the Movie table.
 * 4. Adds a new item.
 * 5. Updates an item.
 * 6. Uses a Scan to query items using the Enhanced client.
 * 7. Queries all items where the year is 2013 using the Enhanced Client.
 * 8. Deletes the table.
 */

public class Scenario {
    public static final String DASHES = new String(new char[80]).replace("\0", "-");

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        String tableName = "Movies";
        String fileName = "../../../resources/sample_files/movies.json";
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Welcome to the Amazon DynamoDB example scenario.");
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println(
            "1. Creating an Amazon DynamoDB table named Movies with a key named year and a sort key named title.");
        createTable(ddb, tableName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("2. Loading data into the Amazon DynamoDB table.");
        loadData(ddb, tableName, fileName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("3. Getting data from the Movie table.");
        getItem(ddb);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("4. Putting a record into the Amazon DynamoDB table.");
        putRecord(ddb);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("5. Updating a record.");
        updateTableItem(ddb, tableName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("6. Scanning the Amazon DynamoDB table.");
        scanMovies(ddb, tableName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("7. Querying the Movies released in 2013.");
        queryTable(ddb);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("8. Deleting the Amazon DynamoDB table.");
        deleteDynamoDBTable(ddb, tableName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        ddb.close();
    }

    // Create a table with a Sort key.
    public static void createTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        DynamoDbWaiter dbWaiter = ddb.waiter();
        ArrayList<AttributeDefinition> attributeDefinitions = new ArrayList<>();

        // Define attributes.
        attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
            .attributeName("year")
            .attributeType("N")
            .build());

        attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
            .attributeName("title")
            .attributeType("S")
            .build());

        ArrayList<KeySchemaElement> tableKey = new ArrayList<>();
        KeySchemaElement key = KeySchemaElement.builder()
            .attributeName("year")
            .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
            .build();

        KeySchemaElement key2 = KeySchemaElement.builder()
            .attributeName("title")
            .keyType(KeyType.RANGE)
            .build();

        // Add KeySchemaElement objects to the list.
        tableKey.add(key);
        tableKey.add(key2);

        CreateTableRequest request = CreateTableRequest.builder()
            .keySchema(tableKey)
            .billingMode(BillingMode.PAY_PER_REQUEST) //  DynamoDB automatically scales based on traffic.
            .attributeDefinitions(attributeDefinitions)
            .tableName(tableName)
            .build();

        try {
            CreateTableResponse response = ddb.createTable(request);
            DescribeTableRequest tableRequest = DescribeTableRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .build();

            // Wait until the Amazon DynamoDB table is created.
            WaiterResponse<DescribeTableResponse> waiterResponse = dbWaiter.waitUntilTableExists(tableRequest);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
            String newTable = response.tableDescription().tableName();
            System.out.println("The " + newTable + " was successfully created.");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Query the table.
    public static void queryTable(DynamoDbClient ddb) {
        try {
            DynamoDbEnhancedClient enhancedClient = DynamoDbEnhancedClient.builder()
                .dynamoDbClient(ddb)
                .build();

            DynamoDbTable<Movies> custTable = enhancedClient.table("Movies", TableSchema.fromBean(Movies.class));
            QueryConditional queryConditional = QueryConditional
                .keyEqualTo(Key.builder()
                    .partitionValue(2013)
                    .build());

            // Get items in the table and write out the ID value.
            Iterator<Movies> results = custTable.query(queryConditional).items().iterator();
            String result = "";

            while (results.hasNext()) {
                Movies rec = results.next();
                System.out.println("The title of the movie is " + rec.getTitle());
                System.out.println("The movie information  is " + rec.getInfo());
            }

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Scan the table.
    public static void scanMovies(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        System.out.println("******* Scanning all movies.\n");
        try {
            DynamoDbEnhancedClient enhancedClient = DynamoDbEnhancedClient.builder()
                .dynamoDbClient(ddb)
                .build();

            DynamoDbTable<Movies> custTable = enhancedClient.table("Movies", TableSchema.fromBean(Movies.class));
            Iterator<Movies> results = custTable.scan().items().iterator();
            while (results.hasNext()) {
                Movies rec = results.next();
                System.out.println("The movie title is " + rec.getTitle());
                System.out.println("The movie year is " + rec.getYear());
            }

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Load data into the table.
    public static void loadData(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName, String fileName) throws IOException {
        DynamoDbEnhancedClient enhancedClient = DynamoDbEnhancedClient.builder()
            .dynamoDbClient(ddb)
            .build();

        DynamoDbTable<Movies> mappedTable = enhancedClient.table("Movies", TableSchema.fromBean(Movies.class));
        JsonParser parser = new JsonFactory().createParser(new File(fileName));
        com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode rootNode = new ObjectMapper().readTree(parser);
        Iterator<JsonNode> iter = rootNode.iterator();
        ObjectNode currentNode;
        int t = 0;
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            // Only add 200 Movies to the table.
            if (t == 200)
                break;
            currentNode = (ObjectNode) iter.next();

            int year = currentNode.path("year").asInt();
            String title = currentNode.path("title").asText();
            String info = currentNode.path("info").toString();

            Movies movies = new Movies();
            movies.setYear(year);
            movies.setTitle(title);
            movies.setInfo(info);

            // Put the data into the Amazon DynamoDB Movie table.
            mappedTable.putItem(movies);
            t++;
        }
    }

    // Update the record to include show only directors.
    public static void updateTableItem(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        HashMap<String, AttributeValue> itemKey = new HashMap<>();
        itemKey.put("year", AttributeValue.builder().n("1933").build());
        itemKey.put("title", AttributeValue.builder().s("King Kong").build());

        HashMap<String, AttributeValueUpdate> updatedValues = new HashMap<>();
        updatedValues.put("info", AttributeValueUpdate.builder()
            .value(AttributeValue.builder().s("{\"directors\":[\"Merian C. Cooper\",\"Ernest B. Schoedsack\"]")
                .build())
            .action(AttributeAction.PUT)
            .build());

        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(itemKey)
            .attributeUpdates(updatedValues)
            .build();

        try {
            ddb.updateItem(request);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }

        System.out.println("Item was updated!");
    }

    public static void deleteDynamoDBTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        DeleteTableRequest request = DeleteTableRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .build();

        try {
            ddb.deleteTable(request);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println(tableName + " was successfully deleted!");
    }

    public static void putRecord(DynamoDbClient ddb) {
        try {
            DynamoDbEnhancedClient enhancedClient = DynamoDbEnhancedClient.builder()
                .dynamoDbClient(ddb)
                .build();

            DynamoDbTable<Movies> table = enhancedClient.table("Movies", TableSchema.fromBean(Movies.class));

            // Populate the Table.
            Movies record = new Movies();
            record.setYear(2020);
            record.setTitle("My Movie2");
            record.setInfo("no info");
            table.putItem(record);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println("Added a new movie to the table.");
    }

    public static void getItem(DynamoDbClient ddb) {

        HashMap<String, AttributeValue> keyToGet = new HashMap<>();
        keyToGet.put("year", AttributeValue.builder()
            .n("1933")
            .build());

        keyToGet.put("title", AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("King Kong")
            .build());

        GetItemRequest request = GetItemRequest.builder()
            .key(keyToGet)
            .tableName("Movies")
            .build();

        try {
            Map<String, AttributeValue> returnedItem = ddb.getItem(request).item();

            if (returnedItem != null) {
                Set<String> keys = returnedItem.keySet();
                System.out.println("Amazon DynamoDB table attributes: \n");

                for (String key1 : keys) {
                    System.out.format("%s: %s\n", key1, returnedItem.get(key1).toString());
                }
            } else {
                System.out.format("No item found with the key %s!\n", "year");
            }

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}

Shows how to get batch items using the service client.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.BatchGetItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.BatchGetItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.KeysAndAttributes;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class BatchReadItems {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName> 

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table (for example, Music).\s
                """;

        String tableName = "Music";
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient = DynamoDbClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        getBatchItems(dynamoDbClient, tableName);
    }

    public static void getBatchItems(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Define the primary key values for the items you want to retrieve.
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key1 = new HashMap<>();
        key1.put("Artist", AttributeValue.builder().s("Artist1").build());

        Map<String, AttributeValue> key2 = new HashMap<>();
        key2.put("Artist", AttributeValue.builder().s("Artist2").build());

        // Construct the batchGetItem request.
        Map<String, KeysAndAttributes> requestItems = new HashMap<>();
        requestItems.put(tableName, KeysAndAttributes.builder()
            .keys(List.of(key1, key2))
            .projectionExpression("Artist, SongTitle")
            .build());

        BatchGetItemRequest batchGetItemRequest = BatchGetItemRequest.builder()
            .requestItems(requestItems)
            .build();

        // Make the batchGetItem request.
        BatchGetItemResponse batchGetItemResponse = dynamoDbClient.batchGetItem(batchGetItemRequest);

        // Extract and print the retrieved items.
        Map<String, List<Map<String, AttributeValue>>> responses = batchGetItemResponse.responses();
        if (responses.containsKey(tableName)) {
            List<Map<String, AttributeValue>> musicItems = responses.get(tableName);
            for (Map<String, AttributeValue> item : musicItems) {
                System.out.println("Artist: " + item.get("Artist").s() +
                    ", SongTitle: " + item.get("SongTitle").s());
            }
        } else {
            System.out.println("No items retrieved.");
        }
    }
}

Shows how to get batch items using the service client and a paginator.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.BatchGetItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.KeysAndAttributes;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class BatchGetItemsPaginator {

    public static void main(String[] args){
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName> 

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table (for example, Music).\s
                """;

        String tableName = "Music";
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient = DynamoDbClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        getBatchItemsPaginator(dynamoDbClient, tableName) ;
    }

    public static void getBatchItemsPaginator(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Define the primary key values for the items you want to retrieve.
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key1 = new HashMap<>();
        key1.put("Artist", AttributeValue.builder().s("Artist1").build());

        Map<String, AttributeValue> key2 = new HashMap<>();
        key2.put("Artist", AttributeValue.builder().s("Artist2").build());

        // Construct the batchGetItem request.
        Map<String, KeysAndAttributes> requestItems = new HashMap<>();
        requestItems.put(tableName, KeysAndAttributes.builder()
            .keys(List.of(key1, key2))
            .projectionExpression("Artist, SongTitle")
            .build());

        BatchGetItemRequest batchGetItemRequest = BatchGetItemRequest.builder()
            .requestItems(requestItems)
            .build();

        // Use batchGetItemPaginator for paginated requests.
        dynamoDbClient.batchGetItemPaginator(batchGetItemRequest).stream()
            .flatMap(response -> response.responses().getOrDefault(tableName, Collections.emptyList()).stream())
            .forEach(item -> {
                System.out.println("Artist: " + item.get("Artist").s() +
                    ", SongTitle: " + item.get("SongTitle").s());
            });
    }
}

Inserts many items into a table by using the service client.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.BatchWriteItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.BatchWriteItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.PutRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.WriteRequest;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class BatchWriteItems {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName> 

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table (for example, Music).\s
                """;

        String tableName = "Music";
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient = DynamoDbClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        addBatchItems(dynamoDbClient, tableName);
    }

    public static void addBatchItems(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Specify the updates you want to perform.
        List<WriteRequest> writeRequests = new ArrayList<>();

        // Set item 1.
        Map<String, AttributeValue> item1Attributes = new HashMap<>();
        item1Attributes.put("Artist", AttributeValue.builder().s("Artist1").build());
        item1Attributes.put("Rating", AttributeValue.builder().s("5").build());
        item1Attributes.put("Comments", AttributeValue.builder().s("Great song!").build());
        item1Attributes.put("SongTitle", AttributeValue.builder().s("SongTitle1").build());
        writeRequests.add(WriteRequest.builder().putRequest(PutRequest.builder().item(item1Attributes).build()).build());

        // Set item 2.
        Map<String, AttributeValue> item2Attributes = new HashMap<>();
        item2Attributes.put("Artist", AttributeValue.builder().s("Artist2").build());
        item2Attributes.put("Rating", AttributeValue.builder().s("4").build());
        item2Attributes.put("Comments", AttributeValue.builder().s("Nice melody.").build());
        item2Attributes.put("SongTitle", AttributeValue.builder().s("SongTitle2").build());
        writeRequests.add(WriteRequest.builder().putRequest(PutRequest.builder().item(item2Attributes).build()).build());

        try {
            // Create the BatchWriteItemRequest.
            BatchWriteItemRequest batchWriteItemRequest = BatchWriteItemRequest.builder()
                .requestItems(Map.of(tableName, writeRequests))
                .build();

            // Execute the BatchWriteItem operation.
            BatchWriteItemResponse batchWriteItemResponse = dynamoDbClient.batchWriteItem(batchWriteItemRequest);

            // Process the response.
            System.out.println("Batch write successful: " + batchWriteItemResponse);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}

Inserts many items into a table by using the enhanced client.

import com.example.dynamodb.Customer;
import com.example.dynamodb.Music;
import software.amazon.awssdk.enhanced.dynamodb.DynamoDbEnhancedClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.enhanced.dynamodb.DynamoDbTable;
import software.amazon.awssdk.enhanced.dynamodb.Key;
import software.amazon.awssdk.enhanced.dynamodb.TableSchema;
import software.amazon.awssdk.enhanced.dynamodb.model.BatchWriteItemEnhancedRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.enhanced.dynamodb.model.WriteBatch;
import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;

/*
 * Before running this code example, create an Amazon DynamoDB table named Customer with these columns:
 *   - id - the id of the record that is the key
 *   - custName - the customer name
 *   - email - the email value
 *   - registrationDate - an instant value when the item was added to the table
 *
 * Also, ensure that you have set up your development environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For information, see this documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class EnhancedBatchWriteItems {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
                Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
                DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                                .region(region)
                                .build();
                DynamoDbEnhancedClient enhancedClient = DynamoDbEnhancedClient.builder()
                                .dynamoDbClient(ddb)
                                .build();
                putBatchRecords(enhancedClient);
                ddb.close();
        }

        public static void putBatchRecords(DynamoDbEnhancedClient enhancedClient) {
                try {
                        DynamoDbTable<Customer> customerMappedTable = enhancedClient.table("Customer",
                                        TableSchema.fromBean(Customer.class));
                        DynamoDbTable<Music> musicMappedTable = enhancedClient.table("Music",
                                        TableSchema.fromBean(Music.class));
                        LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.parse("2020-04-07");
                        LocalDateTime localDateTime = localDate.atStartOfDay();
                        Instant instant = localDateTime.toInstant(ZoneOffset.UTC);

                        Customer record2 = new Customer();
                        record2.setCustName("Fred Pink");
                        record2.setId("id110");
                        record2.setEmail("fredp@noserver.com");
                        record2.setRegistrationDate(instant);

                        Customer record3 = new Customer();
                        record3.setCustName("Susan Pink");
                        record3.setId("id120");
                        record3.setEmail("spink@noserver.com");
                        record3.setRegistrationDate(instant);

                        Customer record4 = new Customer();
                        record4.setCustName("Jerry orange");
                        record4.setId("id101");
                        record4.setEmail("jorange@noserver.com");
                        record4.setRegistrationDate(instant);

                        BatchWriteItemEnhancedRequest batchWriteItemEnhancedRequest = BatchWriteItemEnhancedRequest
                                        .builder()
                                        .writeBatches(
                                                        WriteBatch.builder(Customer.class) // add items to the Customer
                                                                                           // table
                                                                        .mappedTableResource(customerMappedTable)
                                                                        .addPutItem(builder -> builder.item(record2))
                                                                        .addPutItem(builder -> builder.item(record3))
                                                                        .addPutItem(builder -> builder.item(record4))
                                                                        .build(),
                                                        WriteBatch.builder(Music.class) // delete an item from the Music
                                                                                        // table
                                                                        .mappedTableResource(musicMappedTable)
                                                                        .addDeleteItem(builder -> builder.key(
                                                                                        Key.builder().partitionValue(
                                                                                                        "Famous Band")
                                                                                                        .build()))
                                                                        .build())
                                        .build();

                        // Add three items to the Customer table and delete one item from the Music
                        // table.
                        enhancedClient.batchWriteItem(batchWriteItemEnhancedRequest);
                        System.out.println("done");

                } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
                        System.err.println(e.getMessage());
                        System.exit(1);
                }
        }
}

import software.amazon.awssdk.core.waiters.WaiterResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeDefinition;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.BillingMode;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.CreateTableRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.CreateTableResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DescribeTableRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DescribeTableResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.KeySchemaElement;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.KeyType;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.OnDemandThroughput;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ProvisionedThroughput;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScalarAttributeType;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.waiters.DynamoDbWaiter;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 * <p>
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 * <p>
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class CreateTable {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage = """

            Usage:
                <tableName> <key>

            Where:
                tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to create (for example, Music3).
                key - The key for the Amazon DynamoDB table (for example, Artist).
            """;

        if (args.length != 2) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String tableName = args[0];
        String key = args[1];
        System.out.println("Creating an Amazon DynamoDB table " + tableName + " with a simple primary key: " + key);
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        String result = createTable(ddb, tableName, key);
        System.out.println("New table is " + result);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static String createTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName, String key) {
        DynamoDbWaiter dbWaiter = ddb.waiter();
        CreateTableRequest request = CreateTableRequest.builder()
            .attributeDefinitions(AttributeDefinition.builder()
                .attributeName(key)
                .attributeType(ScalarAttributeType.S)
                .build())
            .keySchema(KeySchemaElement.builder()
                .attributeName(key)
                .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
                .build())
            .billingMode(BillingMode.PAY_PER_REQUEST) //  DynamoDB automatically scales based on traffic.
            .tableName(tableName)
            .build();

        String newTable;
        try {
            CreateTableResponse response = ddb.createTable(request);
            DescribeTableRequest tableRequest = DescribeTableRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .build();

            // Wait until the Amazon DynamoDB table is created.
            WaiterResponse<DescribeTableResponse> waiterResponse = dbWaiter.waitUntilTableExists(tableRequest);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
            newTable = response.tableDescription().tableName();
            return newTable;

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }
}

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DeleteItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import java.util.HashMap;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class DeleteItem {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName> <key> <keyval>

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to delete the item from (for example, Music3).
                    key - The key used in the Amazon DynamoDB table (for example, Artist).\s
                    keyval - The key value that represents the item to delete (for example, Famous Band).
                """;

        if (args.length != 3) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String tableName = args[0];
        String key = args[1];
        String keyVal = args[2];
        System.out.format("Deleting item \"%s\" from %s\n", keyVal, tableName);
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        deleteDynamoDBItem(ddb, tableName, key, keyVal);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void deleteDynamoDBItem(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName, String key, String keyVal) {
        HashMap<String, AttributeValue> keyToGet = new HashMap<>();
        keyToGet.put(key, AttributeValue.builder()
                .s(keyVal)
                .build());

        DeleteItemRequest deleteReq = DeleteItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(keyToGet)
                .build();

        try {
            ddb.deleteItem(deleteReq);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DeleteTableRequest;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */

public class DeleteTable {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName>

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to delete (for example, Music3).

                **Warning** This program will delete the table that you specify!
                """;

        if (args.length != 1) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String tableName = args[0];
        System.out.format("Deleting the Amazon DynamoDB table %s...\n", tableName);
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        deleteDynamoDBTable(ddb, tableName);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void deleteDynamoDBTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        DeleteTableRequest request = DeleteTableRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .build();

        try {
            ddb.deleteTable(request);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println(tableName + " was successfully deleted!");
    }
}

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeDefinition;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DescribeTableRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ProvisionedThroughputDescription;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.TableDescription;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class DescribeTable {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName>

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to get information about (for example, Music3).
                """;

        if (args.length != 1) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String tableName = args[0];
        System.out.format("Getting description for %s\n\n", tableName);
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        describeDymamoDBTable(ddb, tableName);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void describeDymamoDBTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        DescribeTableRequest request = DescribeTableRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .build();

        try {
            TableDescription tableInfo = ddb.describeTable(request).table();
            if (tableInfo != null) {
                System.out.format("Table name  : %s\n", tableInfo.tableName());
                System.out.format("Table ARN   : %s\n", tableInfo.tableArn());
                System.out.format("Status      : %s\n", tableInfo.tableStatus());
                System.out.format("Item count  : %d\n", tableInfo.itemCount());
                System.out.format("Size (bytes): %d\n", tableInfo.tableSizeBytes());

                ProvisionedThroughputDescription throughputInfo = tableInfo.provisionedThroughput();
                System.out.println("Throughput");
                System.out.format("  Read Capacity : %d\n", throughputInfo.readCapacityUnits());
                System.out.format("  Write Capacity: %d\n", throughputInfo.writeCapacityUnits());

                List<AttributeDefinition> attributes = tableInfo.attributeDefinitions();
                System.out.println("Attributes");
                for (AttributeDefinition a : attributes) {
                    System.out.format("  %s (%s)\n", a.attributeName(), a.attributeType());
                }
            }

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println("\nDone!");
    }
}

Describe TTL configuration on an existing DynamoDB table using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DescribeTimeToLiveRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DescribeTimeToLiveResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public DescribeTimeToLiveResponse describeTTL(final String tableName, final Region region) {
        final DescribeTimeToLiveRequest request =
            DescribeTimeToLiveRequest.builder().tableName(tableName).build();

        try (DynamoDbClient ddb = dynamoDbClient != null
            ? dynamoDbClient
            : DynamoDbClient.builder().region(region).build()) {
            return ddb.describeTimeToLive(request);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format(TABLE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Gets an item from a table by using the DynamoDbClient.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemRequest;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 *
 * To get an item from an Amazon DynamoDB table using the AWS SDK for Java V2,
 * its better practice to use the
 * Enhanced Client, see the EnhancedGetItem example.
 */
public class GetItem {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName> <key> <keyVal>

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table from which an item is retrieved (for example, Music3).\s
                    key - The key used in the Amazon DynamoDB table (for example, Artist).\s
                    keyval - The key value that represents the item to get (for example, Famous Band).
                """;

        if (args.length != 3) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String tableName = args[0];
        String key = args[1];
        String keyVal = args[2];
        System.out.format("Retrieving item \"%s\" from \"%s\"\n", keyVal, tableName);
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        getDynamoDBItem(ddb, tableName, key, keyVal);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void getDynamoDBItem(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName, String key, String keyVal) {
        HashMap<String, AttributeValue> keyToGet = new HashMap<>();
        keyToGet.put(key, AttributeValue.builder()
                .s(keyVal)
                .build());

        GetItemRequest request = GetItemRequest.builder()
                .key(keyToGet)
                .tableName(tableName)
                .build();

        try {
            // If there is no matching item, GetItem does not return any data.
            Map<String, AttributeValue> returnedItem = ddb.getItem(request).item();
            if (returnedItem.isEmpty())
                System.out.format("No item found with the key %s!\n", key);
            else {
                Set<String> keys = returnedItem.keySet();
                System.out.println("Amazon DynamoDB table attributes: \n");
                for (String key1 : keys) {
                    System.out.format("%s: %s\n", key1, returnedItem.get(key1).toString());
                }
            }

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ListTablesRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ListTablesResponse;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class ListTables {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Listing your Amazon DynamoDB tables:\n");
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();
        listAllTables(ddb);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void listAllTables(DynamoDbClient ddb) {
        boolean moreTables = true;
        String lastName = null;

        while (moreTables) {
            try {
                ListTablesResponse response = null;
                if (lastName == null) {
                    ListTablesRequest request = ListTablesRequest.builder().build();
                    response = ddb.listTables(request);
                } else {
                    ListTablesRequest request = ListTablesRequest.builder()
                            .exclusiveStartTableName(lastName).build();
                    response = ddb.listTables(request);
                }

                List<String> tableNames = response.tableNames();
                if (tableNames.size() > 0) {
                    for (String curName : tableNames) {
                        System.out.format("* %s\n", curName);
                    }
                } else {
                    System.out.println("No tables found!");
                    System.exit(0);
                }

                lastName = response.lastEvaluatedTableName();
                if (lastName == null) {
                    moreTables = false;
                }

            } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
                System.err.println(e.getMessage());
                System.exit(1);
            }
        }
        System.out.println("\nDone!");
    }
}

Puts an item into a table using DynamoDbClient.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.PutItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.PutItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;
import java.util.HashMap;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 *
 * To place items into an Amazon DynamoDB table using the AWS SDK for Java V2,
 * its better practice to use the
 * Enhanced Client. See the EnhancedPutItem example.
 */
public class PutItem {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName> <key> <keyVal> <albumtitle> <albumtitleval> <awards> <awardsval> <Songtitle> <songtitleval>

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table in which an item is placed (for example, Music3).
                    key - The key used in the Amazon DynamoDB table (for example, Artist).
                    keyval - The key value that represents the item to get (for example, Famous Band).
                    albumTitle - The Album title (for example, AlbumTitle).
                    AlbumTitleValue - The name of the album (for example, Songs About Life ).
                    Awards - The awards column (for example, Awards).
                    AwardVal - The value of the awards (for example, 10).
                    SongTitle - The song title (for example, SongTitle).
                    SongTitleVal - The value of the song title (for example, Happy Day).
                **Warning** This program will  place an item that you specify into a table!
                """;

        if (args.length != 9) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String tableName = args[0];
        String key = args[1];
        String keyVal = args[2];
        String albumTitle = args[3];
        String albumTitleValue = args[4];
        String awards = args[5];
        String awardVal = args[6];
        String songTitle = args[7];
        String songTitleVal = args[8];

        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        putItemInTable(ddb, tableName, key, keyVal, albumTitle, albumTitleValue, awards, awardVal, songTitle,
                songTitleVal);
        System.out.println("Done!");
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void putItemInTable(DynamoDbClient ddb,
            String tableName,
            String key,
            String keyVal,
            String albumTitle,
            String albumTitleValue,
            String awards,
            String awardVal,
            String songTitle,
            String songTitleVal) {

        HashMap<String, AttributeValue> itemValues = new HashMap<>();
        itemValues.put(key, AttributeValue.builder().s(keyVal).build());
        itemValues.put(songTitle, AttributeValue.builder().s(songTitleVal).build());
        itemValues.put(albumTitle, AttributeValue.builder().s(albumTitleValue).build());
        itemValues.put(awards, AttributeValue.builder().s(awardVal).build());

        PutItemRequest request = PutItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .item(itemValues)
                .build();

        try {
            PutItemResponse response = ddb.putItem(request);
            System.out.println(tableName + " was successfully updated. The request id is "
                    + response.responseMetadata().requestId());

        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format("Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName);
            System.err.println("Be sure that it exists and that you've typed its name correctly!");
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}

Queries a table by using DynamoDbClient.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import java.util.HashMap;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 *
 * To query items from an Amazon DynamoDB table using the AWS SDK for Java V2,
 * its better practice to use the
 * Enhanced Client. See the EnhancedQueryRecords example.
 */
public class Query {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName> <partitionKeyName> <partitionKeyVal>

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to put the item in (for example, Music3).
                    partitionKeyName - The partition key name of the Amazon DynamoDB table (for example, Artist).
                    partitionKeyVal - The value of the partition key that should match (for example, Famous Band).
                """;

        if (args.length != 3) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String tableName = args[0];
        String partitionKeyName = args[1];
        String partitionKeyVal = args[2];

        // For more information about an alias, see:
        // https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.ExpressionAttributeNames.html
        String partitionAlias = "#a";

        System.out.format("Querying %s", tableName);
        System.out.println("");
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        int count = queryTable(ddb, tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyVal, partitionAlias);
        System.out.println("There were " + count + "  record(s) returned");
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static int queryTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName, String partitionKeyName, String partitionKeyVal,
            String partitionAlias) {
        // Set up an alias for the partition key name in case it's a reserved word.
        HashMap<String, String> attrNameAlias = new HashMap<String, String>();
        attrNameAlias.put(partitionAlias, partitionKeyName);

        // Set up mapping of the partition name with the value.
        HashMap<String, AttributeValue> attrValues = new HashMap<>();
        attrValues.put(":" + partitionKeyName, AttributeValue.builder()
                .s(partitionKeyVal)
                .build());

        QueryRequest queryReq = QueryRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .keyConditionExpression(partitionAlias + " = :" + partitionKeyName)
                .expressionAttributeNames(attrNameAlias)
                .expressionAttributeValues(attrValues)
                .build();

        try {
            QueryResponse response = ddb.query(queryReq);
            return response.count();

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return -1;
    }
}

Queries a table by using DynamoDbClient and a secondary index.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 *
 * Create the Movies table by running the Scenario example and loading the Movie
 * data from the JSON file. Next create a secondary
 * index for the Movies table that uses only the year column. Name the index
 * **year-index**. For more information, see:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/GSI.html
 */
public class QueryItemsUsingIndex {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String tableName = "Movies";
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        queryIndex(ddb, tableName);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void queryIndex(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        try {
            Map<String, String> expressionAttributesNames = new HashMap<>();
            expressionAttributesNames.put("#year", "year");
            Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
            expressionAttributeValues.put(":yearValue", AttributeValue.builder().n("2013").build());

            QueryRequest request = QueryRequest.builder()
                    .tableName(tableName)
                    .indexName("year-index")
                    .keyConditionExpression("#year = :yearValue")
                    .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributesNames)
                    .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
                    .build();

            System.out.println("=== Movie Titles ===");
            QueryResponse response = ddb.query(request);
            response.items()
                    .forEach(movie -> System.out.println(movie.get("title").s()));

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}

Scans an Amazon DynamoDB table using DynamoDbClient.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScanRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScanResponse;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 *
 * To scan items from an Amazon DynamoDB table using the AWS SDK for Java V2,
 * its better practice to use the
 * Enhanced Client, See the EnhancedScanRecords example.
 */

public class DynamoDBScanItems {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName>

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to get information from (for example, Music3).
                """;

        if (args.length != 1) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String tableName = args[0];
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        scanItems(ddb, tableName);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void scanItems(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        try {
            ScanRequest scanRequest = ScanRequest.builder()
                    .tableName(tableName)
                    .build();

            ScanResponse response = ddb.scan(scanRequest);
            for (Map<String, AttributeValue> item : response.items()) {
                Set<String> keys = item.keySet();
                for (String key : keys) {
                    System.out.println("The key name is " + key + "\n");
                    System.out.println("The value is " + item.get(key).s());
                }
            }

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}

Updates an item in a table using DynamoDbClient.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeAction;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValueUpdate;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import java.util.HashMap;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 *
 * To update an Amazon DynamoDB table using the AWS SDK for Java V2, its better
 * practice to use the
 * Enhanced Client, See the EnhancedModifyItem example.
 */
public class UpdateItem {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                    <tableName> <key> <keyVal> <name> <updateVal>

                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table (for example, Music3).
                    key - The name of the key in the table (for example, Artist).
                    keyVal - The value of the key (for example, Famous Band).
                    name - The name of the column where the value is updated (for example, Awards).
                    updateVal - The value used to update an item (for example, 14).
                 Example:
                    UpdateItem Music3 Artist Famous Band Awards 14
                """;

        if (args.length != 5) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String tableName = args[0];
        String key = args[1];
        String keyVal = args[2];
        String name = args[3];
        String updateVal = args[4];

        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();
        updateTableItem(ddb, tableName, key, keyVal, name, updateVal);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void updateTableItem(DynamoDbClient ddb,
            String tableName,
            String key,
            String keyVal,
            String name,
            String updateVal) {

        HashMap<String, AttributeValue> itemKey = new HashMap<>();
        itemKey.put(key, AttributeValue.builder()
                .s(keyVal)
                .build());

        HashMap<String, AttributeValueUpdate> updatedValues = new HashMap<>();
        updatedValues.put(name, AttributeValueUpdate.builder()
                .value(AttributeValue.builder().s(updateVal).build())
                .action(AttributeAction.PUT)
                .build());

        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(itemKey)
                .attributeUpdates(updatedValues)
                .build();

        try {
            ddb.updateItem(request);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println("The Amazon DynamoDB table was updated!");
    }
}

Enable TTL on an existing DynamoDB table using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.TimeToLiveSpecification;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateTimeToLiveRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateTimeToLiveResponse;

import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public UpdateTimeToLiveResponse enableTTL(final String tableName, final String attributeName, final Region region) {
        final TimeToLiveSpecification ttlSpec = TimeToLiveSpecification.builder()
            .attributeName(attributeName)
            .enabled(true)
            .build();

        final UpdateTimeToLiveRequest request = UpdateTimeToLiveRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .timeToLiveSpecification(ttlSpec)
            .build();

        try (DynamoDbClient ddb = dynamoDbClient != null
            ? dynamoDbClient
            : DynamoDbClient.builder().region(region).build()) {
            return ddb.updateTimeToLive(request);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format(TABLE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Disable TTL on an existing DynamoDB table using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.TimeToLiveSpecification;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateTimeToLiveRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateTimeToLiveResponse;

import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public UpdateTimeToLiveResponse disableTTL(
        final String tableName, final String attributeName, final Region region) {
        final TimeToLiveSpecification ttlSpec = TimeToLiveSpecification.builder()
            .attributeName(attributeName)
            .enabled(false)
            .build();

        final UpdateTimeToLiveRequest request = UpdateTimeToLiveRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .timeToLiveSpecification(ttlSpec)
            .build();

        try (DynamoDbClient ddb = dynamoDbClient != null
            ? dynamoDbClient
            : DynamoDbClient.builder().region(region).build()) {
            return ddb.updateTimeToLive(request);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format(TABLE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Shows how to create a dynamic web application that submits data using the Amazon DynamoDB Java API and sends a text message using the Amazon Simple Notification Service Java API.

For complete source code and instructions on how to set up and run, see the full example on GitHub.

Compare multiple values with a single attribute in DynamoDB using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScanRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScanResponse;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;

    /**
     * Queries a table using the IN operator to compare multiple values with a single attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the IN operator in a filter expression
     * to match an attribute against multiple values.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param partitionKeyName The name of the partition key attribute
     * @param partitionKeyValue The value of the partition key to query
     * @param attributeName The name of the attribute to compare
     * @param valuesList List of values to compare against
     * @return The query response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static QueryResponse compareMultipleValues(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        String partitionKeyName,
        AttributeValue partitionKeyValue,
        String attributeName,
        List<AttributeValue> valuesList) {

        // Create expression attribute names
        Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#pkName", partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#attrName", attributeName);

        // Create expression attribute values
        Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(":pkValue", partitionKeyValue);

        // Add values for IN operator
        for (int i = 0; i < valuesList.size(); i++) {
            expressionAttributeValues.put(":val" + i, valuesList.get(i));
        }

        // Build the IN clause
        StringBuilder inClause = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0; i < valuesList.size(); i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                inClause.append(", ");
            }
            inClause.append(":val").append(i);
        }

        // Define the query parameters
        QueryRequest request = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression("#pkName = :pkValue")
            .filterExpression("#attrName IN (" + inClause.toString() + ")")
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        // Perform the query operation
        return dynamoDbClient.query(request);
    }

    /**
     * Queries a table using multiple OR conditions to compare multiple values with a single attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates the alternative approach to using the IN operator,
     * by using multiple OR conditions.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param partitionKeyName The name of the partition key attribute
     * @param partitionKeyValue The value of the partition key to query
     * @param attributeName The name of the attribute to compare
     * @param valuesList List of values to compare against
     * @return The query response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static QueryResponse compareWithOrConditions(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        String partitionKeyName,
        AttributeValue partitionKeyValue,
        String attributeName,
        List<AttributeValue> valuesList) {

        // Create expression attribute names
        Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#pkName", partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#attrName", attributeName);

        // Create expression attribute values
        Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(":pkValue", partitionKeyValue);

        // Add values for OR conditions
        for (int i = 0; i < valuesList.size(); i++) {
            expressionAttributeValues.put(":val" + i, valuesList.get(i));
        }

        // Build the OR conditions
        StringBuilder orConditions = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0; i < valuesList.size(); i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                orConditions.append(" OR ");
            }
            orConditions.append("#attrName = :val").append(i);
        }

        // Define the query parameters
        QueryRequest request = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression("#pkName = :pkValue")
            .filterExpression(orConditions.toString())
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        // Perform the query operation
        return dynamoDbClient.query(request);
    }

    /**
     * Compares the performance of using the IN operator versus multiple OR conditions.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates the performance difference between using the IN operator
     * and using multiple OR conditions.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param partitionKeyName The name of the partition key attribute
     * @param partitionKeyValue The value of the partition key to query
     * @param attributeName The name of the attribute to compare
     * @param valuesList List of values to compare against
     * @return Map containing the performance comparison results
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> comparePerformance(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        String partitionKeyName,
        AttributeValue partitionKeyValue,
        String attributeName,
        List<AttributeValue> valuesList) {

        Map<String, Object> results = new HashMap<>();

        try {
            // Measure performance of IN operator
            long inStartTime = System.nanoTime();
            QueryResponse inResponse = compareMultipleValues(
                dynamoDbClient, tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue, attributeName, valuesList);
            long inEndTime = System.nanoTime();
            long inDuration = inEndTime - inStartTime;

            // Measure performance of OR conditions
            long orStartTime = System.nanoTime();
            QueryResponse orResponse = compareWithOrConditions(
                dynamoDbClient, tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue, attributeName, valuesList);
            long orEndTime = System.nanoTime();
            long orDuration = orEndTime - orStartTime;

            // Record results
            results.put("inOperatorDuration", inDuration);
            results.put("orConditionsDuration", orDuration);
            results.put("inOperatorItems", inResponse.count());
            results.put("orConditionsItems", orResponse.count());
            results.put("inOperatorExpression", "IN operator with " + valuesList.size() + " values");
            results.put("orConditionsExpression", valuesList.size() + " OR conditions");
            results.put("success", true);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            results.put("success", false);
            results.put("error", e.getMessage());
        }

        return results;
    }

    /**
     * Scans a table using the IN operator with a large number of values.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the IN operator with a large number of values,
     * which can help stay within the 300 operator limit.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param attributeName The name of the attribute to compare
     * @param valuesList List of values to compare against
     * @return The scan response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static ScanResponse scanWithLargeInClause(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, String attributeName, List<AttributeValue> valuesList) {

        // Create expression attribute names
        Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#attrName", attributeName);

        // Create expression attribute values
        Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();

        // Add values for IN operator
        for (int i = 0; i < valuesList.size(); i++) {
            expressionAttributeValues.put(":val" + i, valuesList.get(i));
        }

        // Build the IN clause
        StringBuilder inClause = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0; i < valuesList.size(); i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                inClause.append(", ");
            }
            inClause.append(":val").append(i);
        }

        // Define the scan parameters
        ScanRequest request = ScanRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .filterExpression("#attrName IN (" + inClause.toString() + ")")
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        // Perform the scan operation
        return dynamoDbClient.scan(request);
    }

    /**
     * Generates a list of sample values for testing.
     *
     * <p>Helper method to generate a list of sample values for testing.
     *
     * @param valueType The type of values to generate (string, number, or boolean)
     * @param count The number of values to generate
     * @return List of generated attribute values
     */
    public static List<AttributeValue> generateSampleValues(String valueType, int count) {
        List<AttributeValue> values = new ArrayList<>();

        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            AttributeValue value;

            switch (valueType.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)) {
                case "string":
                    value = AttributeValue.builder().s("Value" + i).build();
                    break;
                case "number":
                    value = AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(i)).build();
                    break;
                case "boolean":
                    value = AttributeValue.builder().bool(i % 2 == 0).build();
                    break;
                default:
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported value type: " + valueType);
            }

            values.add(value);
        }

        return values;
    }

Example usage of comparing multiple values with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void exampleUsage(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        System.out.println("Demonstrating how to compare multiple values with a single attribute in DynamoDB");

        try {
            // Example 1: Using the IN operator
            System.out.println("\nExample 1: Using the IN operator");
            List<AttributeValue> categories = List.of(
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Electronics").build(),
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Computers").build(),
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Accessories").build());

            QueryResponse inResponse = compareMultipleValues(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                "Department",
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Retail").build(),
                "Category",
                categories);

            System.out.println("Found " + inResponse.count() + " items using IN operator");
            System.out.println("Items: " + inResponse.items());

            // Example 2: Using multiple OR conditions
            System.out.println("\nExample 2: Using multiple OR conditions");
            QueryResponse orResponse = compareWithOrConditions(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                "Department",
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Retail").build(),
                "Category",
                categories);

            System.out.println("Found " + orResponse.count() + " items using OR conditions");
            System.out.println("Items: " + orResponse.items());

            // Example 3: Performance comparison
            System.out.println("\nExample 3: Performance comparison");
            Map<String, Object> perfComparison = comparePerformance(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                "Department",
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Retail").build(),
                "Category",
                categories);

            if ((boolean) perfComparison.get("success")) {
                System.out.println("IN operator duration: " + perfComparison.get("inOperatorDuration") + " ns");
                System.out.println("OR conditions duration: " + perfComparison.get("orConditionsDuration") + " ns");
                System.out.println("IN operator found " + perfComparison.get("inOperatorItems") + " items");
                System.out.println("OR conditions found " + perfComparison.get("orConditionsItems") + " items");
                System.out.println("Expression complexity comparison:");
                System.out.println("  IN operator: " + perfComparison.get("inOperatorExpression"));
                System.out.println("  OR conditions: " + perfComparison.get("orConditionsExpression"));
            } else {
                System.out.println("Performance comparison failed: " + perfComparison.get("error"));
            }

            // Example 4: Using IN with a large number of values
            System.out.println("\nExample 4: Using IN with a large number of values");
            List<AttributeValue> productIds = generateSampleValues("string", 20);

            ScanResponse largeInResponse = scanWithLargeInClause(dynamoDbClient, tableName, "ProductId", productIds);

            System.out.println(
                "Found " + largeInResponse.count() + " items using IN with " + productIds.size() + " values");

            // Explain the benefits of using IN
            System.out.println("\nKey points about using the IN operator in DynamoDB:");
            System.out.println("1. The IN operator allows comparing a single attribute against multiple values");
            System.out.println("2. IN is more concise than using multiple OR conditions");
            System.out.println("3. IN counts as only 1 operator regardless of the number of values");
            System.out.println("4. Multiple OR conditions count as 1 operator per condition plus 1 per OR");
            System.out.println("5. Using IN helps stay within the 300 operator limit for complex expressions");
            System.out.println("6. IN can be used in filter expressions and condition expressions");
            System.out.println("7. The IN operator supports up to 100 comparison values");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Update TTL on on an existing DynamoDB Item in a table, with a condition.

package com.amazon.samplelib.ttl;

import com.amazon.samplelib.CodeSampleUtils;
import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ConditionalCheckFailedException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;

/**
 * Updates an item in a DynamoDB table with TTL attributes using a conditional expression.
 * This class demonstrates how to conditionally update TTL expiration timestamps.
 */
public class UpdateTTLConditional {

    private static final String USAGE =
        """
            Usage:
                <tableName> <primaryKey> <sortKey> <region>
            Where:
                tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table being queried.
                primaryKey - The name of the primary key. Also known as the hash or partition key.
                sortKey - The name of the sort key. Also known as the range attribute.
                region (optional) - The AWS region that the Amazon DynamoDB table is located in. (Default: us-east-1)
            """;
    private static final int DAYS_TO_EXPIRE = 90;
    private static final int SECONDS_PER_DAY = 24 * 60 * 60;
    private static final String PRIMARY_KEY_ATTR = "primaryKey";
    private static final String SORT_KEY_ATTR = "sortKey";
    private static final String UPDATED_AT_ATTR = "updatedAt";
    private static final String EXPIRE_AT_ATTR = "expireAt";
    private static final String UPDATE_EXPRESSION = "SET " + UPDATED_AT_ATTR + "=:c, " + EXPIRE_AT_ATTR + "=:e";
    private static final String CONDITION_EXPRESSION = "attribute_exists(" + PRIMARY_KEY_ATTR + ")";
    private static final String SUCCESS_MESSAGE = "%s UpdateItem operation with TTL successful.";
    private static final String CONDITION_FAILED_MESSAGE = "Condition check failed. Item does not exist.";
    private static final String TABLE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR = "Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.";

    private final DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient;

    /**
     * Constructs an UpdateTTLConditional with a default DynamoDB client.
     */
    public UpdateTTLConditional() {
        this.dynamoDbClient = null;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an UpdateTTLConditional with the specified DynamoDB client.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client to use
     */
    public UpdateTTLConditional(final DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient) {
        this.dynamoDbClient = dynamoDbClient;
    }

    /**
     * Main method to demonstrate conditionally updating an item with TTL.
     *
     * @param args Command line arguments
     */
    public static void main(final String[] args) {
        try {
            int result = new UpdateTTLConditional().processArgs(args);
            System.exit(result);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Process command line arguments and conditionally update an item with TTL.
     *
     * @param args Command line arguments
     * @return 0 if successful, non-zero otherwise
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException If the table doesn't exist
     * @throws DynamoDbException If an error occurs during the operation
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If arguments are invalid
     */
    public int processArgs(final String[] args) {
        // Argument validation (remove or replace this line when reusing this code)
        CodeSampleUtils.validateArgs(args, new int[] {3, 4}, USAGE);

        final String tableName = args[0];
        final String primaryKey = args[1];
        final String sortKey = args[2];
        final Region region = Optional.ofNullable(args.length > 3 ? args[3] : null)
            .map(Region::of)
            .orElse(Region.US_EAST_1);

        // Get current time in epoch second format
        final long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000;

        // Calculate expiration time 90 days from now in epoch second format
        final long expireDate = currentTime + (DAYS_TO_EXPIRE * SECONDS_PER_DAY);

        // Create the key map for the item to update
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> keyMap = Map.of(
            PRIMARY_KEY_ATTR, AttributeValue.builder().s(primaryKey).build(),
            SORT_KEY_ATTR, AttributeValue.builder().s(sortKey).build());

        // Create the expression attribute values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = Map.of(
            ":c", AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(currentTime)).build(),
            ":e", AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(expireDate)).build());

        final UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(keyMap)
            .updateExpression(UPDATE_EXPRESSION)
            .conditionExpression(CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try (DynamoDbClient ddb = dynamoDbClient != null
            ? dynamoDbClient
            : DynamoDbClient.builder().region(region).build()) {
            final UpdateItemResponse response = ddb.updateItem(request);
            System.out.println(String.format(SUCCESS_MESSAGE, tableName));
            return 0;
        } catch (ConditionalCheckFailedException e) {
            System.err.println(CONDITION_FAILED_MESSAGE);
            throw e;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format(TABLE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }
}

Demonstrate expression operator counting using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

    /**
     * Creates a complex filter expression with a specified number of conditions.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to generate a complex expression with
     * a specific number of operators to test the 300 operator limit.
     *
     * @param conditionsCount Number of conditions to include
     * @param useAnd Whether to use AND (true) or OR (false) between conditions
     * @return Map containing the filter expression, attribute values, and operator count
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> createComplexFilterExpression(int conditionsCount, boolean useAnd) {
        // Initialize the expression parts and attribute values
        StringBuilder filterExpression = new StringBuilder();
        Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();

        // Generate the specified number of conditions
        for (int i = 0; i < conditionsCount; i++) {
            // Add the operator between conditions (except for the first one)
            if (i > 0) {
                filterExpression.append(useAnd ? " AND " : " OR ");
            }

            // Alternate between different comparison operators for variety
            String valueKey = ":val" + i;

            switch (i % 5) {
                case 0:
                    filterExpression.append("attribute").append(i).append(" = ").append(valueKey);
                    expressionAttributeValues.put(
                        valueKey, AttributeValue.builder().s("value" + i).build());
                    break;
                case 1:
                    filterExpression.append("attribute").append(i).append(" > ").append(valueKey);
                    expressionAttributeValues.put(
                        valueKey, AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(i)).build());
                    break;
                case 2:
                    filterExpression.append("attribute").append(i).append(" < ").append(valueKey);
                    expressionAttributeValues.put(
                        valueKey,
                        AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(i * 10)).build());
                    break;
                case 3:
                    filterExpression
                        .append("contains(attribute")
                        .append(i)
                        .append(", ")
                        .append(valueKey)
                        .append(")");
                    expressionAttributeValues.put(
                        valueKey, AttributeValue.builder().s("substring" + i).build());
                    break;
                case 4:
                    filterExpression
                        .append("attribute_exists(attribute")
                        .append(i)
                        .append(")");
                    break;
                default:
                    // This case will never be reached, but added to satisfy checkstyle
                    break;
            }
        }

        // Calculate the operator count
        // Each condition has 1 operator (=, >, <, contains, attribute_exists)
        // Each AND or OR between conditions is 1 operator
        int operatorCount = conditionsCount + (conditionsCount > 0 ? conditionsCount - 1 : 0);

        // Create the result map
        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
        result.put("filterExpression", filterExpression.toString());
        result.put("expressionAttributeValues", expressionAttributeValues);
        result.put("operatorCount", operatorCount);

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a complex update expression with a specified number of operations.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to generate a complex update expression with
     * a specific number of operators to test the 300 operator limit.
     *
     * @param operationsCount Number of operations to include
     * @return Map containing the update expression, attribute values, and operator count
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> createComplexUpdateExpression(int operationsCount) {
        // Initialize the expression parts and attribute values
        StringBuilder updateExpression = new StringBuilder("SET ");
        Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();

        // Generate the specified number of SET operations
        for (int i = 0; i < operationsCount; i++) {
            // Add comma between operations (except for the first one)
            if (i > 0) {
                updateExpression.append(", ");
            }

            // Alternate between different types of SET operations
            String valueKey = ":val" + i;

            switch (i % 3) {
                case 0:
                    // Simple assignment (1 operator: =)
                    updateExpression.append("attribute").append(i).append(" = ").append(valueKey);
                    expressionAttributeValues.put(
                        valueKey, AttributeValue.builder().s("value" + i).build());
                    break;
                case 1:
                    // Addition (2 operators: = and +)
                    updateExpression
                        .append("attribute")
                        .append(i)
                        .append(" = attribute")
                        .append(i)
                        .append(" + ")
                        .append(valueKey);
                    expressionAttributeValues.put(
                        valueKey, AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(i)).build());
                    break;
                case 2:
                    // Conditional assignment with if_not_exists (2 operators: = and if_not_exists)
                    updateExpression
                        .append("attribute")
                        .append(i)
                        .append(" = if_not_exists(attribute")
                        .append(i)
                        .append(", ")
                        .append(valueKey)
                        .append(")");
                    expressionAttributeValues.put(
                        valueKey,
                        AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(i * 10)).build());
                    break;
                default:
                    // This case will never be reached, but added to satisfy checkstyle
                    break;
            }
        }

        // Calculate the operator count
        // Each operation has 1-2 operators as noted above
        int operatorCount = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < operationsCount; i++) {
            operatorCount += (i % 3 == 0) ? 1 : 2;
        }

        // Create the result map
        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
        result.put("updateExpression", updateExpression.toString());
        result.put("expressionAttributeValues", expressionAttributeValues);
        result.put("operatorCount", operatorCount);

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Test the operator limit by attempting an operation with a complex expression.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates what happens when an expression approaches or
     * exceeds the 300 operator limit.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param operatorCount Target number of operators to include
     * @return Map containing the result of the operation attempt
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> testOperatorLimit(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key, int operatorCount) {

        // Create a complex update expression with the specified operator count
        Map<String, Object> expressionData =
            createComplexUpdateExpression((int) Math.ceil(operatorCount / 1.5)); // Adjust to get close to target count

        String updateExpression = (String) expressionData.get("updateExpression");
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues =
            (Map<String, AttributeValue>) expressionData.get("expressionAttributeValues");
        int actualCount = (int) expressionData.get("operatorCount");

        System.out.println("Generated update expression with approximately " + actualCount + " operators");

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression(updateExpression)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        try {
            // Attempt the update operation
            UpdateItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);

            Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
            result.put("success", true);
            result.put("message", "Operation succeeded with " + actualCount + " operators");
            result.put("data", response);
            return result;

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            // Check if the error is due to exceeding the operator limit
            if (e.getMessage().contains("too many operators")) {
                Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
                result.put("success", false);
                result.put("message", "Operation failed: " + e.getMessage());
                result.put("operatorCount", actualCount);
                return result;
            }

            // Return other errors
            Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
            result.put("success", false);
            result.put("message", "Operation failed: " + e.getMessage());
            result.put("error", e);
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Break down a complex expression into multiple simpler operations.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to handle expressions that would exceed
     * the 300 operator limit by breaking them into multiple operations.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param totalOperations Total number of operations to perform
     * @return Map containing the results of the operations
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> breakDownComplexExpression(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key, int totalOperations) {

        // Calculate how many operations we can safely include in each batch
        // Using 150 as a conservative limit (well below 300)
        final int operationsPerBatch = 100;
        final int batchCount = (int) Math.ceil((double) totalOperations / operationsPerBatch);

        System.out.println("Breaking down " + totalOperations + " operations into " + batchCount + " batches");

        Map<String, Object> results = new HashMap<>();
        results.put("totalBatches", batchCount);

        Map<Integer, Map<String, Object>> batchResults = new HashMap<>();

        // Process each batch
        for (int batch = 0; batch < batchCount; batch++) {
            // Calculate the operations for this batch
            int batchStart = batch * operationsPerBatch;
            int batchEnd = Math.min(batchStart + operationsPerBatch, totalOperations);
            int batchSize = batchEnd - batchStart;

            System.out.println(
                "Processing batch " + (batch + 1) + "/" + batchCount + " with " + batchSize + " operations");

            // Create an update expression for this batch
            Map<String, Object> expressionData = createComplexUpdateExpression(batchSize);

            String updateExpression = (String) expressionData.get("updateExpression");
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues =
                (Map<String, AttributeValue>) expressionData.get("expressionAttributeValues");
            int operatorCount = (int) expressionData.get("operatorCount");

            // Define the update parameters
            UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression(updateExpression)
                .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
                .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
                .build();

            try {
                // Perform the update operation for this batch
                UpdateItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);

                Map<String, Object> batchResult = new HashMap<>();
                batchResult.put("batch", batch + 1);
                batchResult.put("success", true);
                batchResult.put("operatorCount", operatorCount);
                batchResult.put("attributes", response.attributes());

                batchResults.put(batch, batchResult);

            } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
                Map<String, Object> batchResult = new HashMap<>();
                batchResult.put("batch", batch + 1);
                batchResult.put("success", false);
                batchResult.put("operatorCount", operatorCount);
                batchResult.put("error", e.getMessage());

                batchResults.put(batch, batchResult);

                // Continue with next batch instead of breaking
                continue;
            }
        }

        results.put("results", batchResults);
        return results;
    }

    /**
     * Count operators in a DynamoDB expression based on the rules in the documentation.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how operators are counted according to the
     * DynamoDB documentation.
     *
     * @param expression The DynamoDB expression to analyze
     * @return Map containing the breakdown of operator counts
     */
    public static Map<String, Integer> countOperatorsInExpression(String expression) {
        // Initialize counters for different operator types
        Map<String, Integer> counts = new HashMap<>();
        counts.put("comparisonOperators", 0);
        counts.put("logicalOperators", 0);
        counts.put("functions", 0);
        counts.put("arithmeticOperators", 0);
        counts.put("specialOperators", 0);
        counts.put("total", 0);

        // Count comparison operators (=, <>, <, <=, >, >=)
        // This is a simplified approach and may not catch all cases
        int comparisonCount = 0;
        Pattern comparisonPattern = Pattern.compile("(=|<>|<=|>=|<|>)");
        Matcher comparisonMatcher = comparisonPattern.matcher(expression);
        while (comparisonMatcher.find()) {
            comparisonCount++;
        }
        counts.put("comparisonOperators", comparisonCount);

        // Count logical operators (AND, OR, NOT)
        int andCount = countOccurrences(expression, "\\bAND\\b");
        int orCount = countOccurrences(expression, "\\bOR\\b");
        int notCount = countOccurrences(expression, "\\bNOT\\b");
        counts.put("logicalOperators", andCount + orCount + notCount);

        // Count functions (attribute_exists, attribute_not_exists, attribute_type, begins_with, contains, size)
        int functionCount = countOccurrences(
            expression,
            "\\b(attribute_exists|attribute_not_exists|attribute_type|begins_with|contains|size|if_not_exists)\\(");
        counts.put("functions", functionCount);

        // Count arithmetic operators (+ and -)
        // This is a simplified approach and may not catch all cases
        int arithmeticCount = 0;
        Pattern arithmeticPattern = Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z0-9_)\\]]\\s*[\\+\\-]\\s*[a-zA-Z0-9_:(]");
        Matcher arithmeticMatcher = arithmeticPattern.matcher(expression);
        while (arithmeticMatcher.find()) {
            arithmeticCount++;
        }
        counts.put("arithmeticOperators", arithmeticCount);

        // Count special operators (BETWEEN, IN)
        int betweenCount = countOccurrences(expression, "\\bBETWEEN\\b");
        int inCount = countOccurrences(expression, "\\bIN\\b");
        counts.put("specialOperators", betweenCount + inCount);

        // Add extra operators for BETWEEN (each BETWEEN includes an AND)
        int currentLogicalOps = counts.getOrDefault("logicalOperators", 0);
        counts.put("logicalOperators", currentLogicalOps + betweenCount);

        // Calculate total
        int total = counts.getOrDefault("comparisonOperators", 0)
            + counts.getOrDefault("logicalOperators", 0)
            + counts.getOrDefault("functions", 0)
            + counts.getOrDefault("arithmeticOperators", 0)
            + counts.getOrDefault("specialOperators", 0);
        counts.put("total", total);

        return counts;
    }

    /**
     * Helper method to count occurrences of a pattern in a string.
     *
     * @param text The text to search in
     * @param regex The regular expression pattern to search for
     * @return The number of occurrences
     */
    private static int countOccurrences(String text, String regex) {
        final Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex);
        final Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(text);
        int count = 0;
        while (matcher.find()) {
            count++;
        }
        return count;
    }

Example usage of expression operator counting with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void exampleUsage(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Example key
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key = new HashMap<>();
        key.put("ProductId", AttributeValue.builder().s("P12345").build());

        System.out.println("Demonstrating DynamoDB expression operator counting and the 300 operator limit");

        try {
            // Example 1: Analyze a simple expression
            System.out.println("\nExample 1: Analyzing a simple expression");
            String simpleExpression = "Price = :price AND Rating > :rating AND Category IN (:cat1, :cat2, :cat3)";
            Map<String, Integer> simpleCount = countOperatorsInExpression(simpleExpression);

            System.out.println("Expression: " + simpleExpression);
            System.out.println("Operator count breakdown:");
            System.out.println("- Comparison operators: " + simpleCount.get("comparisonOperators"));
            System.out.println("- Logical operators: " + simpleCount.get("logicalOperators"));
            System.out.println("- Functions: " + simpleCount.get("functions"));
            System.out.println("- Arithmetic operators: " + simpleCount.get("arithmeticOperators"));
            System.out.println("- Special operators: " + simpleCount.get("specialOperators"));
            System.out.println("- Total operators: " + simpleCount.get("total"));

            // Example 2: Analyze a complex expression
            System.out.println("\nExample 2: Analyzing a complex expression");
            String complexExpression = "(attribute_exists(Category) AND Size BETWEEN :min AND :max) OR "
                + "(Price > :price AND contains(Description, :keyword) AND "
                + "(Rating >= :minRating OR Reviews > :minReviews))";
            Map<String, Integer> complexCount = countOperatorsInExpression(complexExpression);

            System.out.println("Expression: " + complexExpression);
            System.out.println("Operator count breakdown:");
            System.out.println("- Comparison operators: " + complexCount.get("comparisonOperators"));
            System.out.println("- Logical operators: " + complexCount.get("logicalOperators"));
            System.out.println("- Functions: " + complexCount.get("functions"));
            System.out.println("- Arithmetic operators: " + complexCount.get("arithmeticOperators"));
            System.out.println("- Special operators: " + complexCount.get("specialOperators"));
            System.out.println("- Total operators: " + complexCount.get("total"));

            // Example 3: Test approaching the operator limit
            System.out.println("\nExample 3: Testing an expression approaching the operator limit");
            Map<String, Object> approachingLimit = testOperatorLimit(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, 290);
            System.out.println(approachingLimit.get("message"));

            // Example 4: Test exceeding the operator limit
            System.out.println("\nExample 4: Testing an expression exceeding the operator limit");
            Map<String, Object> exceedingLimit = testOperatorLimit(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, 310);
            System.out.println(exceedingLimit.get("message"));

            // Example 5: Breaking down a complex expression
            System.out.println("\nExample 5: Breaking down a complex expression into multiple operations");
            Map<String, Object> breakdownResult = breakDownComplexExpression(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, 500);
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Map<Integer, Map<String, Object>> results =
                (Map<Integer, Map<String, Object>>) breakdownResult.get("results");
            System.out.println(
                "Processed " + results.size() + " of " + breakdownResult.get("totalBatches") + " batches");

            // Explain the operator counting rules
            System.out.println("\nKey points about DynamoDB expression operator counting:");
            System.out.println("1. The maximum number of operators in any expression is 300");
            System.out.println("2. Each comparison operator (=, <>, <, <=, >, >=) counts as 1 operator");
            System.out.println("3. Each logical operator (AND, OR, NOT) counts as 1 operator");
            System.out.println("4. Each function call (attribute_exists, contains, etc.) counts as 1 operator");
            System.out.println("5. Each arithmetic operator (+ or -) counts as 1 operator");
            System.out.println("6. BETWEEN counts as 2 operators (BETWEEN itself and the AND within it)");
            System.out.println("7. IN counts as 1 operator regardless of the number of values");
            System.out.println("8. Parentheses for grouping and attribute paths don't count as operators");
            System.out.println("9. When you exceed the limit, the error always reports '301 operators'");
            System.out.println("10. For complex operations, break them into multiple smaller operations");

        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Shows how to develop a photo asset management application that detects labels in images using Amazon Rekognition and stores them for later retrieval.

For complete source code and instructions on how to set up and run, see the full example on GitHub.

For a deep dive into the origin of this example see the post on AWS Community.

Create DynamoDB table with Global Secondary Index using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.auth.credentials.DefaultCredentialsProvider;
import software.amazon.awssdk.core.waiters.WaiterResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeDefinition;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.CreateTableRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DeleteTableRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DescribeTableRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DescribeTableResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GlobalSecondaryIndex;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.KeySchemaElement;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.KeyType;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.Projection;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ProjectionType;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ProvisionedThroughput;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.PutItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScalarAttributeType;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.waiters.DynamoDbWaiter;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

    public void createTable() {
        try {
            // Attribute definitions
            final List<AttributeDefinition> attributeDefinitions = new ArrayList<>();
            attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
                .attributeName(ISSUE_ID_ATTR)
                .attributeType(ScalarAttributeType.S)
                .build());
            attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
                .attributeName(TITLE_ATTR)
                .attributeType(ScalarAttributeType.S)
                .build());
            attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
                .attributeName(CREATE_DATE_ATTR)
                .attributeType(ScalarAttributeType.S)
                .build());
            attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
                .attributeName(DUE_DATE_ATTR)
                .attributeType(ScalarAttributeType.S)
                .build());

            // Key schema for table
            final List<KeySchemaElement> tableKeySchema = new ArrayList<>();
            tableKeySchema.add(KeySchemaElement.builder()
                .attributeName(ISSUE_ID_ATTR)
                .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
                .build()); // Partition key
            tableKeySchema.add(KeySchemaElement.builder()
                .attributeName(TITLE_ATTR)
                .keyType(KeyType.RANGE)
                .build()); // Sort key

            // Initial provisioned throughput settings for the indexes
            final ProvisionedThroughput ptIndex = ProvisionedThroughput.builder()
                .readCapacityUnits(1L)
                .writeCapacityUnits(1L)
                .build();

            // CreateDateIndex
            final List<KeySchemaElement> createDateKeySchema = new ArrayList<>();
            createDateKeySchema.add(KeySchemaElement.builder()
                .attributeName(CREATE_DATE_ATTR)
                .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
                .build());
            createDateKeySchema.add(KeySchemaElement.builder()
                .attributeName(ISSUE_ID_ATTR)
                .keyType(KeyType.RANGE)
                .build());

            final Projection createDateProjection = Projection.builder()
                .projectionType(ProjectionType.INCLUDE)
                .nonKeyAttributes(DESCRIPTION_ATTR, STATUS_ATTR)
                .build();

            final GlobalSecondaryIndex createDateIndex = GlobalSecondaryIndex.builder()
                .indexName(CREATE_DATE_INDEX)
                .keySchema(createDateKeySchema)
                .projection(createDateProjection)
                .provisionedThroughput(ptIndex)
                .build();

            // TitleIndex
            final List<KeySchemaElement> titleKeySchema = new ArrayList<>();
            titleKeySchema.add(KeySchemaElement.builder()
                .attributeName(TITLE_ATTR)
                .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
                .build());
            titleKeySchema.add(KeySchemaElement.builder()
                .attributeName(ISSUE_ID_ATTR)
                .keyType(KeyType.RANGE)
                .build());

            final Projection titleProjection =
                Projection.builder().projectionType(ProjectionType.KEYS_ONLY).build();

            final GlobalSecondaryIndex titleIndex = GlobalSecondaryIndex.builder()
                .indexName(TITLE_INDEX)
                .keySchema(titleKeySchema)
                .projection(titleProjection)
                .provisionedThroughput(ptIndex)
                .build();

            // DueDateIndex
            final List<KeySchemaElement> dueDateKeySchema = new ArrayList<>();
            dueDateKeySchema.add(KeySchemaElement.builder()
                .attributeName(DUE_DATE_ATTR)
                .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
                .build());

            final Projection dueDateProjection =
                Projection.builder().projectionType(ProjectionType.ALL).build();

            final GlobalSecondaryIndex dueDateIndex = GlobalSecondaryIndex.builder()
                .indexName(DUE_DATE_INDEX)
                .keySchema(dueDateKeySchema)
                .projection(dueDateProjection)
                .provisionedThroughput(ptIndex)
                .build();

            final CreateTableRequest createTableRequest = CreateTableRequest.builder()
                .tableName(TABLE_NAME)
                .keySchema(tableKeySchema)
                .attributeDefinitions(attributeDefinitions)
                .globalSecondaryIndexes(createDateIndex, titleIndex, dueDateIndex)
                .provisionedThroughput(ProvisionedThroughput.builder()
                    .readCapacityUnits(1L)
                    .writeCapacityUnits(1L)
                    .build())
                .build();

            System.out.println("Creating table " + TABLE_NAME + "...");
            dynamoDbClient.createTable(createTableRequest);

            // Wait for table to become active
            System.out.println("Waiting for " + TABLE_NAME + " to become ACTIVE...");
            final DynamoDbWaiter waiter = dynamoDbClient.waiter();
            final DescribeTableRequest describeTableRequest =
                DescribeTableRequest.builder().tableName(TABLE_NAME).build();

            final WaiterResponse<DescribeTableResponse> waiterResponse =
                waiter.waitUntilTableExists(describeTableRequest);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(response -> System.out.println("Table is now ready for use"));

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error creating table: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Create DynamoDB table with warm throughput setting using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeDefinition;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.CreateTableRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.CreateTableResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GlobalSecondaryIndex;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.KeySchemaElement;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.KeyType;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.Projection;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ProvisionedThroughput;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScalarAttributeType;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.WarmThroughput;

    public static WarmThroughput buildWarmThroughput(final Long readUnitsPerSecond, final Long writeUnitsPerSecond) {
        return WarmThroughput.builder()
            .readUnitsPerSecond(readUnitsPerSecond)
            .writeUnitsPerSecond(writeUnitsPerSecond)
            .build();
    }

    /**
     * Builds a ProvisionedThroughput object with the specified read and write capacity units.
     *
     * @param readCapacityUnits The read capacity units
     * @param writeCapacityUnits The write capacity units
     * @return A configured ProvisionedThroughput object
     */
    public static ProvisionedThroughput buildProvisionedThroughput(
        final Long readCapacityUnits, final Long writeCapacityUnits) {
        return ProvisionedThroughput.builder()
            .readCapacityUnits(readCapacityUnits)
            .writeCapacityUnits(writeCapacityUnits)
            .build();
    }

    /**
     * Builds an AttributeDefinition with the specified name and type.
     *
     * @param attributeName The attribute name
     * @param scalarAttributeType The attribute type
     * @return A configured AttributeDefinition
     */
    private static AttributeDefinition buildAttributeDefinition(
        final String attributeName, final ScalarAttributeType scalarAttributeType) {
        return AttributeDefinition.builder()
            .attributeName(attributeName)
            .attributeType(scalarAttributeType)
            .build();
    }

    /**
     * Builds a KeySchemaElement with the specified name and key type.
     *
     * @param attributeName The attribute name
     * @param keyType The key type (HASH or RANGE)
     * @return A configured KeySchemaElement
     */
    private static KeySchemaElement buildKeySchemaElement(final String attributeName, final KeyType keyType) {
        return KeySchemaElement.builder()
            .attributeName(attributeName)
            .keyType(keyType)
            .build();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a DynamoDB table with the specified configuration including warm throughput settings.
     *
     * @param ddb The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the table to create
     * @param partitionKey The partition key attribute name
     * @param sortKey The sort key attribute name
     * @param miscellaneousKeyAttribute Additional key attribute name for GSI
     * @param nonKeyAttribute Non-key attribute to include in GSI projection
     * @param tableReadCapacityUnits Read capacity units for the table
     * @param tableWriteCapacityUnits Write capacity units for the table
     * @param tableWarmReadUnitsPerSecond Warm read units per second for the table
     * @param tableWarmWriteUnitsPerSecond Warm write units per second for the table
     * @param globalSecondaryIndexName The name of the GSI to create
     * @param globalSecondaryIndexReadCapacityUnits Read capacity units for the GSI
     * @param globalSecondaryIndexWriteCapacityUnits Write capacity units for the GSI
     * @param globalSecondaryIndexWarmReadUnitsPerSecond Warm read units per second for the GSI
     * @param globalSecondaryIndexWarmWriteUnitsPerSecond Warm write units per second for the GSI
     */
    public static void createDynamoDBTable(
        final DynamoDbClient ddb,
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKey,
        final String sortKey,
        final String miscellaneousKeyAttribute,
        final String nonKeyAttribute,
        final Long tableReadCapacityUnits,
        final Long tableWriteCapacityUnits,
        final Long tableWarmReadUnitsPerSecond,
        final Long tableWarmWriteUnitsPerSecond,
        final String globalSecondaryIndexName,
        final Long globalSecondaryIndexReadCapacityUnits,
        final Long globalSecondaryIndexWriteCapacityUnits,
        final Long globalSecondaryIndexWarmReadUnitsPerSecond,
        final Long globalSecondaryIndexWarmWriteUnitsPerSecond) {

        // Define the table attributes
        final AttributeDefinition partitionKeyAttribute = buildAttributeDefinition(partitionKey, ScalarAttributeType.S);
        final AttributeDefinition sortKeyAttribute = buildAttributeDefinition(sortKey, ScalarAttributeType.S);
        final AttributeDefinition miscellaneousKeyAttributeDefinition =
            buildAttributeDefinition(miscellaneousKeyAttribute, ScalarAttributeType.N);
        final AttributeDefinition[] attributeDefinitions = {
            partitionKeyAttribute, sortKeyAttribute, miscellaneousKeyAttributeDefinition
        };

        // Define the table key schema
        final KeySchemaElement partitionKeyElement = buildKeySchemaElement(partitionKey, KeyType.HASH);
        final KeySchemaElement sortKeyElement = buildKeySchemaElement(sortKey, KeyType.RANGE);
        final KeySchemaElement[] keySchema = {partitionKeyElement, sortKeyElement};

        // Define the provisioned throughput for the table
        final ProvisionedThroughput provisionedThroughput =
            buildProvisionedThroughput(tableReadCapacityUnits, tableWriteCapacityUnits);

        // Define the Global Secondary Index (GSI)
        final KeySchemaElement globalSecondaryIndexPartitionKeyElement = buildKeySchemaElement(sortKey, KeyType.HASH);
        final KeySchemaElement globalSecondaryIndexSortKeyElement =
            buildKeySchemaElement(miscellaneousKeyAttribute, KeyType.RANGE);
        final KeySchemaElement[] gsiKeySchema = {
            globalSecondaryIndexPartitionKeyElement, globalSecondaryIndexSortKeyElement
        };

        final Projection gsiProjection = Projection.builder()
            .projectionType(PROJECTION_TYPE_INCLUDE)
            .nonKeyAttributes(nonKeyAttribute)
            .build();

        final ProvisionedThroughput gsiProvisionedThroughput =
            buildProvisionedThroughput(globalSecondaryIndexReadCapacityUnits, globalSecondaryIndexWriteCapacityUnits);

        // Define the warm throughput for the Global Secondary Index (GSI)
        final WarmThroughput gsiWarmThroughput = buildWarmThroughput(
            globalSecondaryIndexWarmReadUnitsPerSecond, globalSecondaryIndexWarmWriteUnitsPerSecond);

        final GlobalSecondaryIndex globalSecondaryIndex = GlobalSecondaryIndex.builder()
            .indexName(globalSecondaryIndexName)
            .keySchema(gsiKeySchema)
            .projection(gsiProjection)
            .provisionedThroughput(gsiProvisionedThroughput)
            .warmThroughput(gsiWarmThroughput)
            .build();

        // Define the warm throughput for the table
        final WarmThroughput tableWarmThroughput =
            buildWarmThroughput(tableWarmReadUnitsPerSecond, tableWarmWriteUnitsPerSecond);

        final CreateTableRequest request = CreateTableRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .attributeDefinitions(attributeDefinitions)
            .keySchema(keySchema)
            .provisionedThroughput(provisionedThroughput)
            .globalSecondaryIndexes(globalSecondaryIndex)
            .warmThroughput(tableWarmThroughput)
            .build();

        final CreateTableResponse response = ddb.createTable(request);
        System.out.println(response);
    }

Shows how to use the Amazon DynamoDB API to create a dynamic web application that tracks DynamoDB work data.

For complete source code and instructions on how to set up and run, see the full example on GitHub.

package com.amazon.samplelib.ttl;

import com.amazon.samplelib.CodeSampleUtils;
import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.PutItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.PutItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;

/**
 * Creates an item in a DynamoDB table with TTL attributes.
 * This class demonstrates how to add TTL expiration timestamps to DynamoDB items.
 */
public class CreateTTL {

    private static final String USAGE =
        """
            Usage:
                <tableName> <primaryKey> <sortKey> <region>
            Where:
                tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table being queried.
                primaryKey - The name of the primary key. Also known as the hash or partition key.
                sortKey - The name of the sort key. Also known as the range attribute.
                region (optional) - The AWS region that the Amazon DynamoDB table is located in. (Default: us-east-1)
            """;
    private static final int DAYS_TO_EXPIRE = 90;
    private static final int SECONDS_PER_DAY = 24 * 60 * 60;
    private static final String PRIMARY_KEY_ATTR = "primaryKey";
    private static final String SORT_KEY_ATTR = "sortKey";
    private static final String CREATION_DATE_ATTR = "creationDate";
    private static final String EXPIRE_AT_ATTR = "expireAt";
    private static final String SUCCESS_MESSAGE = "%s PutItem operation with TTL successful.";
    private static final String TABLE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR = "Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.";

    private final DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient;

    /**
     * Constructs a CreateTTL instance with the specified DynamoDB client.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client to use
     */
    public CreateTTL(final DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient) {
        this.dynamoDbClient = dynamoDbClient;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a CreateTTL with a default DynamoDB client.
     */
    public CreateTTL() {
        this.dynamoDbClient = null;
    }

    /**
     * Main method to demonstrate creating an item with TTL.
     *
     * @param args Command line arguments
     */
    public static void main(final String[] args) {
        try {
            int result = new CreateTTL().processArgs(args);
            System.exit(result);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Process command line arguments and create an item with TTL.
     *
     * @param args Command line arguments
     * @return 0 if successful, non-zero otherwise
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException If the table doesn't exist
     * @throws DynamoDbException If an error occurs during the operation
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If arguments are invalid
     */
    public int processArgs(final String[] args) {
        // Argument validation (remove or replace this line when reusing this code)
        CodeSampleUtils.validateArgs(args, new int[] {3, 4}, USAGE);

        final String tableName = args[0];
        final String primaryKey = args[1];
        final String sortKey = args[2];
        final Region region = Optional.ofNullable(args.length > 3 ? args[3] : null)
            .map(Region::of)
            .orElse(Region.US_EAST_1);

        try (DynamoDbClient ddb = dynamoDbClient != null
            ? dynamoDbClient
            : DynamoDbClient.builder().region(region).build()) {
            final CreateTTL createTTL = new CreateTTL(ddb);
            createTTL.createItemWithTTL(tableName, primaryKey, sortKey);
            return 0;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw e;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates an item in the specified table with TTL attributes.
     *
     * @param tableName The name of the table
     * @param primaryKeyValue The value for the primary key
     * @param sortKeyValue The value for the sort key
     * @return The response from the PutItem operation
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException If the table doesn't exist
     * @throws DynamoDbException If an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public PutItemResponse createItemWithTTL(
        final String tableName, final String primaryKeyValue, final String sortKeyValue) {
        // Get current time in epoch second format
        final long createDate = System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000;

        // Calculate expiration time 90 days from now in epoch second format
        final long expireDate = createDate + (DAYS_TO_EXPIRE * SECONDS_PER_DAY);

        final Map<String, AttributeValue> itemMap = new HashMap<>();
        itemMap.put(
            PRIMARY_KEY_ATTR, AttributeValue.builder().s(primaryKeyValue).build());
        itemMap.put(SORT_KEY_ATTR, AttributeValue.builder().s(sortKeyValue).build());
        itemMap.put(
            CREATION_DATE_ATTR,
            AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(createDate)).build());
        itemMap.put(
            EXPIRE_AT_ATTR,
            AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(expireDate)).build());

        final PutItemRequest request =
            PutItemRequest.builder().tableName(tableName).item(itemMap).build();

        try {
            final PutItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.putItem(request);
            System.out.println(String.format(SUCCESS_MESSAGE, tableName));
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format(TABLE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }
}

Shows how to create an AWS Lambda function that detects images with Personal Protective Equipment.

For complete source code and instructions on how to set up and run, see the full example on GitHub.

This example shows how to configure a Java application to monitor the performance of DynamoDB. The application sends metric data to CloudWatch where you can monitor the performance.

For complete source code and instructions on how to set up and run, see the full example on GitHub.

Query with strongly consistent reads using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public QueryResponse queryWithConsistentReads(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final boolean useConsistentRead) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .consistentRead(useConsistentRead)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Query successful. Found {0} items", response.count());
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Table not found: {0}", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error querying with consistent reads", e);
            throw e;
        }
    }

Query using a Global Secondary Index with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    public QueryResponse queryTable(
        final String tableName, final String partitionKeyName, final String partitionKeyValue) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            System.out.println("Query on base table successful. Found " + response.count() + " items");
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format("Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName);
            throw new DynamoDbQueryException("Table not found: " + tableName, e);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error querying base table: " + e.getMessage());
            throw new DynamoDbQueryException("Failed to execute query on base table", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Queries a DynamoDB Global Secondary Index (GSI) by partition key.
     *
     * @param tableName         The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param indexName         The name of the GSI
     * @param partitionKeyName  The name of the GSI partition key attribute
     * @param partitionKeyValue The value of the GSI partition key to query
     * @return The query response from DynamoDB
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException if the table or index doesn't exist
     * @throws DynamoDbException if the query fails
     */
    public QueryResponse queryGlobalSecondaryIndex(
        final String tableName, final String indexName, final String partitionKeyName, final String partitionKeyValue) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Index name", indexName);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_IK, partitionKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_IK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .indexName(indexName)
            .keyConditionExpression(GSI_KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            System.out.println("Query on GSI successful. Found " + response.count() + " items");
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format(
                "Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" or index \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName, indexName);
            throw new DynamoDbQueryException("Table or index not found: " + tableName + "/" + indexName, e);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error querying GSI: " + e.getMessage());
            throw new DynamoDbQueryException("Failed to execute query on GSI", e);
        }
    }

Query with pagination using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

    public List<Map<String, AttributeValue>> queryWithPagination(
        final String tableName, final String partitionKeyName, final String partitionKeyValue, final int pageSize) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validatePositiveInteger("Page size", pageSize);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());

        // Create the query request
        QueryRequest.Builder queryRequestBuilder = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .limit(pageSize);

        // List to store all items from all pages
        final List<Map<String, AttributeValue>> allItems = new ArrayList<>();

        // Map to store the last evaluated key for pagination
        Map<String, AttributeValue> lastEvaluatedKey = null;
        int pageNumber = 1;

        try {
            do {
                // If we have a last evaluated key, use it for the next page
                if (lastEvaluatedKey != null) {
                    queryRequestBuilder.exclusiveStartKey(lastEvaluatedKey);
                }

                // Execute the query
                final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequestBuilder.build());

                // Process the current page of results
                final List<Map<String, AttributeValue>> pageItems = response.items();
                allItems.addAll(pageItems);

                // Get the last evaluated key for the next page
                lastEvaluatedKey = response.lastEvaluatedKey();
                if (lastEvaluatedKey != null && lastEvaluatedKey.isEmpty()) {
                    lastEvaluatedKey = null;
                }

                System.out.println("Page " + pageNumber + ": Retrieved " + pageItems.size() + " items (Running total: "
                    + allItems.size() + ")");

                pageNumber++;

            } while (lastEvaluatedKey != null);

            System.out.println("Query with pagination complete. Retrieved a total of " + allItems.size()
                + " items across " + (pageNumber - 1) + " pages");

            return allItems;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format("Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error querying with pagination: " + e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Query with complex filters using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public QueryResponse queryWithComplexFilter(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String statusAttrName,
        final String activeStatus,
        final String pendingStatus,
        final String priceAttrName,
        final double minPrice,
        final double maxPrice,
        final String categoryAttrName) {

        // Validate parameters
        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Status attribute name", statusAttrName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Active status", activeStatus);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Pending status", pendingStatus);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Price attribute name", priceAttrName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Category attribute name", categoryAttrName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateNumericRange("Minimum price", minPrice, 0.0, Double.MAX_VALUE);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateNumericRange("Maximum price", maxPrice, minPrice, Double.MAX_VALUE);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#pk", partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_STATUS, statusAttrName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PRICE, priceAttrName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_CATEGORY, categoryAttrName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            ":pkValue", AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_ACTIVE,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(activeStatus).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PENDING,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(pendingStatus).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_MIN_PRICE,
            AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(minPrice)).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_MAX_PRICE,
            AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(maxPrice)).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .filterExpression(FILTER_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        return dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
    }

Query with a dynamically constructed filter expression using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    public static QueryResponse queryWithDynamicFilter(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final Map<String, Object> filterCriteria,
        final Region region,
        final DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient) {

        validateParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue, filterCriteria);

        DynamoDbClient ddbClient = dynamoDbClient;
        boolean shouldClose = false;

        try {
            if (ddbClient == null) {
                ddbClient = createClient(region);
                shouldClose = true;
            }

            final QueryWithDynamicFilter queryHelper = new QueryWithDynamicFilter(ddbClient);
            return queryHelper.queryWithDynamicFilter(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue, filterCriteria);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println("Table not found: " + tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Failed to execute dynamic filter query: " + e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("Unexpected error during query: " + e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        } finally {
            if (shouldClose && ddbClient != null) {
                ddbClient.close();
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage =
            """
                Usage:
                    <tableName> <partitionKeyName> <partitionKeyValue> <filterAttrName> <filterAttrValue> [region]
                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to query.
                    partitionKeyName - The name of the partition key attribute.
                    partitionKeyValue - The value of the partition key to query.
                    filterAttrName - The name of the attribute to filter on.
                    filterAttrValue - The value to filter by.
                    region (optional) - The AWS region where the table exists. (Default: us-east-1)
                """;

        if (args.length < 5) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        final String tableName = args[0];
        final String partitionKeyName = args[1];
        final String partitionKeyValue = args[2];
        final String filterAttrName = args[3];
        final String filterAttrValue = args[4];
        final Region region = args.length > 5 ? Region.of(args[5]) : Region.US_EAST_1;

        System.out.println("Querying items with dynamic filter: " + filterAttrName + " = " + filterAttrValue);

        try {
            // Using the builder pattern to create and execute the query
            final QueryResponse response = new DynamicFilterQueryBuilder()
                .withTableName(tableName)
                .withPartitionKeyName(partitionKeyName)
                .withPartitionKeyValue(partitionKeyValue)
                .withFilterCriterion(filterAttrName, filterAttrValue)
                .withRegion(region)
                .execute();

            // Process the results
            System.out.println("Found " + response.count() + " items:");
            response.items().forEach(item -> System.out.println(item));

            // Demonstrate multiple filter criteria
            System.out.println("\nNow querying with multiple filter criteria:");

            Map<String, Object> multipleFilters = new HashMap<>();
            multipleFilters.put(filterAttrName, filterAttrValue);
            multipleFilters.put("status", "active");

            final QueryResponse multiFilterResponse = new DynamicFilterQueryBuilder()
                .withTableName(tableName)
                .withPartitionKeyName(partitionKeyName)
                .withPartitionKeyValue(partitionKeyValue)
                .withFilterCriteria(multipleFilters)
                .withRegion(region)
                .execute();

            System.out.println("Found " + multiFilterResponse.count() + " items with multiple filters:");
            multiFilterResponse.items().forEach(item -> System.out.println(item));

        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            System.err.println("Invalid input: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println("Table not found: " + tableName);
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("DynamoDB error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("Unexpected error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Query with a filter expression and limit using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public QueryResponse queryWithFilterAndLimit(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String filterAttrName,
        final String filterAttrValue,
        final int limit) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Filter attribute name", filterAttrName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Filter attribute value", filterAttrValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validatePositiveInteger("Limit", limit);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_FILTER, filterAttrName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_FILTER,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(filterAttrValue).build());

        // Create the filter expression
        final String filterExpression = "#filterAttr = :filterValue";

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .filterExpression(filterExpression)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .limit(limit)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Query with filter and limit successful. Found {0} items", response.count());
            LOGGER.log(
                Level.INFO, "ScannedCount: {0} (total items evaluated before filtering)", response.scannedCount());
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Table not found: {0}", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error querying with filter and limit: {0}", e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Demonstrate list operations using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

    /**
     * Appends items to a list attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the list_append function to add
     * items to the end of a list attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param listAttributeName The name of the list attribute
     * @param itemsToAppend The items to append to the list
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse appendToList(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String listAttributeName,
        List<AttributeValue> itemsToAppend) {

        // Create a list value from the items to append
        AttributeValue listValue = AttributeValue.builder().l(itemsToAppend).build();

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #attrName = list_append(if_not_exists(#attrName, :emptyList), :newItems)")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#attrName", listAttributeName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                ":newItems",
                listValue,
                ":emptyList",
                AttributeValue.builder().l(new ArrayList<AttributeValue>()).build()))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Prepends items to a list attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the list_append function to add
     * items to the beginning of a list attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param listAttributeName The name of the list attribute
     * @param itemsToPrepend The items to prepend to the list
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse prependToList(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String listAttributeName,
        List<AttributeValue> itemsToPrepend) {

        // Create a list value from the items to prepend
        AttributeValue listValue = AttributeValue.builder().l(itemsToPrepend).build();

        // Define the update parameters
        // Note: To prepend, we put the new items first in the list_append function
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #attrName = list_append(:newItems, if_not_exists(#attrName, :emptyList))")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#attrName", listAttributeName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                ":newItems",
                listValue,
                ":emptyList",
                AttributeValue.builder().l(new ArrayList<AttributeValue>()).build()))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Updates a specific element in a list attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to update a specific element in a list
     * by its index.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param listAttributeName The name of the list attribute
     * @param index The index of the element to update
     * @param newValue The new value for the element
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse updateListElement(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String listAttributeName,
        int index,
        AttributeValue newValue) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #attrName[" + index + "] = :newValue")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#attrName", listAttributeName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":newValue", newValue))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Removes a specific element from a list attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to remove a specific element from a list
     * by its index.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param listAttributeName The name of the list attribute
     * @param index The index of the element to remove
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse removeListElement(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String listAttributeName,
        int index) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("REMOVE #attrName[" + index + "]")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#attrName", listAttributeName))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the current value of a list attribute.
     *
     * <p>Helper method to retrieve the current value of a list attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to get
     * @param listAttributeName The name of the list attribute
     * @return The list attribute value or null if not found
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static List<AttributeValue> getListAttribute(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key, String listAttributeName) {

        // Define the get parameters
        GetItemRequest request = GetItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .projectionExpression(listAttributeName)
            .build();

        try {
            // Perform the get operation
            GetItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.getItem(request);

            // Return the list attribute if it exists, otherwise null
            if (response.item() != null && response.item().containsKey(listAttributeName)) {
                return response.item().get(listAttributeName).l();
            }

            return null;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            throw DynamoDbException.builder()
                .message("Failed to get list attribute: " + e.getMessage())
                .cause(e)
                .build();
        }
    }

Example usage of list operations with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void exampleUsage(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Example key
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key = new HashMap<>();
        key.put("ProductId", AttributeValue.builder().s("P12345").build());

        System.out.println("Demonstrating list operations in DynamoDB");

        try {
            // Example 1: Append items to a list
            System.out.println("\nExample 1: Appending items to a list");
            List<AttributeValue> tagsToAppend = List.of(
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Electronics").build(),
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Gadget").build());

            UpdateItemResponse appendResponse = appendToList(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Tags", tagsToAppend);

            System.out.println("Updated list attribute: " + appendResponse.attributes());

            // Example 2: Prepend items to a list
            System.out.println("\nExample 2: Prepending items to a list");
            List<AttributeValue> tagsToPrepend = List.of(
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Featured").build(),
                AttributeValue.builder().s("New").build());

            UpdateItemResponse prependResponse = prependToList(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Tags", tagsToPrepend);

            System.out.println("Updated list attribute: " + prependResponse.attributes());

            // Example 3: Update a specific element in a list
            System.out.println("\nExample 3: Updating a specific element in a list");
            UpdateItemResponse updateResponse = updateListElement(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                "Tags",
                0,
                AttributeValue.builder().s("BestSeller").build());

            System.out.println("Updated list attribute: " + updateResponse.attributes());

            // Example 4: Remove a specific element from a list
            System.out.println("\nExample 4: Removing a specific element from a list");
            UpdateItemResponse removeResponse = removeListElement(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Tags", 1);

            System.out.println("Updated list attribute: " + removeResponse.attributes());

            // Example 5: Get the current value of a list attribute
            System.out.println("\nExample 5: Getting the current value of a list attribute");
            List<AttributeValue> currentList = getListAttribute(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Tags");

            if (currentList != null) {
                System.out.println("Current list attribute:");
                for (int i = 0; i < currentList.size(); i++) {
                    System.out.println("  [" + i + "]: " + currentList.get(i).s());
                }
            } else {
                System.out.println("List attribute not found");
            }

            // Explain list operations
            System.out.println("\nKey points about DynamoDB list operations:");
            System.out.println("1. Lists are ordered collections of attributes");
            System.out.println("2. Use list_append to add items to a list");
            System.out.println("3. To append items, use list_append(existingList, newItems)");
            System.out.println("4. To prepend items, use list_append(newItems, existingList)");
            System.out.println("5. Use index notation (list[0]) to access or update specific elements");
            System.out.println("6. Use REMOVE to delete elements from a list");
            System.out.println("7. List indices are zero-based");
            System.out.println("8. Use if_not_exists to handle the case where the list doesn't exist yet");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Demonstrate map operations using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

    /**
     * Updates a map attribute that may not exist.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to safely update a map attribute
     * by using if_not_exists to handle the case where the map doesn't exist yet.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param mapName The name of the map attribute
     * @param mapKey The key within the map to update
     * @param value The value to set
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse updateMapAttributeSafe(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String mapName,
        String mapKey,
        AttributeValue value) {

        // Create an empty map to use if the map doesn't exist
        Map<String, AttributeValue> emptyMap = new HashMap<>();
        AttributeValue emptyMapValue = AttributeValue.builder().m(emptyMap).build();

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #mapName = if_not_exists(#mapName, :emptyMap), #mapName.#mapKey = :value")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of(
                "#mapName", mapName,
                "#mapKey", mapKey))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                ":value",
                value,
                ":emptyMap",
                AttributeValue.builder().m(new HashMap<>()).build()))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Adds an attribute to a nested map.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to update a nested attribute without
     * overwriting the entire map.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param path The path to the nested attribute as a list
     * @param value The value to set
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse addToNestedMap(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        List<String> path,
        AttributeValue value) {

        // Create expression attribute names for each part of the path
        Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < path.size(); i++) {
            expressionAttributeNames.put("#attr" + i, path.get(i));
        }

        // Build the attribute path using the expression attribute names
        StringBuilder attributePathExpression = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0; i < path.size(); i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                attributePathExpression.append(".");
            }
            attributePathExpression.append("#attr").append(i);
        }

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET " + attributePathExpression.toString() + " = :value")
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":value", value))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Removes an attribute from a map.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to remove a specific attribute from a map.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param mapName The name of the map attribute
     * @param mapKey The key within the map to remove
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse removeMapAttribute(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String mapName,
        String mapKey) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("REMOVE #mapName.#mapKey")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of(
                "#mapName", mapName,
                "#mapKey", mapKey))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a map with multiple attributes in a single operation.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to create a map with multiple attributes
     * in a single update operation.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param mapName The name of the map attribute
     * @param attributes The attributes to set in the map
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse createMapWithAttributes(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String mapName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> attributes) {

        // Create a map value from the attributes
        AttributeValue mapValue = AttributeValue.builder().m(attributes).build();

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #mapName = :mapValue")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#mapName", mapName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":mapValue", mapValue))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the current value of a map attribute.
     *
     * <p>Helper method to retrieve the current value of a map attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to get
     * @param mapName The name of the map attribute
     * @return The map attribute value or null if not found
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static Map<String, AttributeValue> getMapAttribute(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key, String mapName) {

        // Define the get parameters
        GetItemRequest request = GetItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .projectionExpression(mapName)
            .build();

        try {
            // Perform the get operation
            GetItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.getItem(request);

            // Return the map attribute if it exists, otherwise null
            if (response.item() != null && response.item().containsKey(mapName)) {
                return response.item().get(mapName).m();
            }

            return null;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            throw DynamoDbException.builder()
                .message("Failed to get map attribute: " + e.getMessage())
                .cause(e)
                .build();
        }
    }

Example usage of map operations with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void exampleUsage(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Example key
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key = new HashMap<>();
        key.put("ProductId", AttributeValue.builder().s("P12345").build());

        System.out.println("Demonstrating map operations in DynamoDB");

        try {
            // Example 1: Create a map with multiple attributes
            System.out.println("\nExample 1: Creating a map with multiple attributes");
            Map<String, AttributeValue> productDetails = new HashMap<>();
            productDetails.put("Color", AttributeValue.builder().s("Red").build());
            productDetails.put("Weight", AttributeValue.builder().n("2.5").build());
            productDetails.put(
                "Dimensions", AttributeValue.builder().s("10x20x5").build());

            UpdateItemResponse createResponse =
                createMapWithAttributes(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Details", productDetails);

            System.out.println("Created map attribute: " + createResponse.attributes());

            // Example 2: Update a specific attribute in a map
            System.out.println("\nExample 2: Updating a specific attribute in a map");
            UpdateItemResponse updateResponse = updateMapAttributeSafe(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                "Details",
                "Color",
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Blue").build());

            System.out.println("Updated map attribute: " + updateResponse.attributes());

            // Example 3: Add an attribute to a nested map
            System.out.println("\nExample 3: Adding an attribute to a nested map");
            UpdateItemResponse nestedResponse = addToNestedMap(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                List.of("Specifications", "Technical", "Resolution"),
                AttributeValue.builder().s("1920x1080").build());

            System.out.println("Added to nested map: " + nestedResponse.attributes());

            // Example 4: Remove an attribute from a map
            System.out.println("\nExample 4: Removing an attribute from a map");
            UpdateItemResponse removeResponse =
                removeMapAttribute(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Details", "Dimensions");

            System.out.println("Updated map after removal: " + removeResponse.attributes());

            // Example 5: Get the current value of a map attribute
            System.out.println("\nExample 5: Getting the current value of a map attribute");
            Map<String, AttributeValue> currentMap = getMapAttribute(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Details");

            if (currentMap != null) {
                System.out.println("Current map attribute:");
                for (Map.Entry<String, AttributeValue> entry : currentMap.entrySet()) {
                    System.out.println("  " + entry.getKey() + ": " + entry.getValue());
                }
            } else {
                System.out.println("Map attribute not found");
            }

            // Explain map operations
            System.out.println("\nKey points about DynamoDB map operations:");
            System.out.println("1. Maps are unordered collections of name-value pairs");
            System.out.println("2. Use dot notation (map.key) to access or update specific attributes");
            System.out.println("3. You can update individual attributes without overwriting the entire map");
            System.out.println("4. Maps can be nested to create complex data structures");
            System.out.println("5. Use REMOVE to delete attributes from a map");
            System.out.println("6. You can create a map with multiple attributes in a single operation");
            System.out.println("7. Map keys are case-sensitive");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Demonstrate set operations using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ReturnValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

    /**
     * Adds values to a string set attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the ADD operation to add values
     * to a string set attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param setAttributeName The name of the set attribute
     * @param valuesToAdd The values to add to the set
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse addToStringSet(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String setAttributeName,
        Set<String> valuesToAdd) {

        // Create a string set value from the values to add
        AttributeValue setValue = AttributeValue.builder().ss(valuesToAdd).build();

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("ADD #setAttr :valuesToAdd")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#setAttr", setAttributeName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":valuesToAdd", setValue))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Adds values to a number set attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the ADD operation to add values
     * to a number set attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param setAttributeName The name of the set attribute
     * @param valuesToAdd The values to add to the set
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse addToNumberSet(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String setAttributeName,
        Set<Number> valuesToAdd) {

        // Convert numbers to strings for DynamoDB
        Set<String> stringValues = new HashSet<>();
        for (Number value : valuesToAdd) {
            stringValues.add(value.toString());
        }

        // Create a number set value from the values to add
        AttributeValue setValue = AttributeValue.builder().ns(stringValues).build();

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("ADD #setAttr :valuesToAdd")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#setAttr", setAttributeName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":valuesToAdd", setValue))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Removes values from a set attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the DELETE operation to remove values
     * from a set attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param setAttributeName The name of the set attribute
     * @param valuesToRemove The values to remove from the set
     * @param isNumberSet Whether the set is a number set (true) or string set (false)
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse removeFromSet(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String setAttributeName,
        Set<?> valuesToRemove,
        boolean isNumberSet) {

        AttributeValue setValue;

        if (isNumberSet) {
            // Convert numbers to strings for DynamoDB
            Set<String> stringValues = new HashSet<>();
            for (Object value : valuesToRemove) {
                if (value instanceof Number) {
                    stringValues.add(value.toString());
                } else {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Values must be numbers for a number set");
                }
            }

            setValue = AttributeValue.builder().ns(stringValues).build();
        } else {
            // Convert objects to strings for DynamoDB
            Set<String> stringValues = new HashSet<>();
            for (Object value : valuesToRemove) {
                stringValues.add(value.toString());
            }

            setValue = AttributeValue.builder().ss(stringValues).build();
        }

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("DELETE #setAttr :valuesToRemove")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#setAttr", setAttributeName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":valuesToRemove", setValue))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Checks if a value exists in a set attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the contains function to check
     * if a value exists in a set attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to check
     * @param setAttributeName The name of the set attribute
     * @param valueToCheck The value to check for
     * @return Map containing the result of the check
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> checkIfValueInSet(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String setAttributeName,
        String valueToCheck) {

        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();

        try {
            // Define the update parameters with a condition expression
            UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("SET #tempAttr = :tempVal")
                .conditionExpression("contains(#setAttr, :valueToCheck)")
                .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#setAttr", setAttributeName, "#tempAttr", "TempAttribute"))
                .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                    ":valueToCheck", AttributeValue.builder().s(valueToCheck).build(),
                    ":tempVal", AttributeValue.builder().s("TempValue").build()))
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                .build();

            // Attempt the update operation
            dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);

            // If we get here, the condition was met
            result.put("exists", true);
            result.put("message", "Value '" + valueToCheck + "' exists in the set");

            // Clean up the temporary attribute
            UpdateItemRequest cleanupRequest = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("REMOVE #tempAttr")
                .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#tempAttr", "TempAttribute"))
                .build();

            dynamoDbClient.updateItem(cleanupRequest);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            if (e.getMessage().contains("ConditionalCheckFailed")) {
                // The condition was not met
                result.put("exists", false);
                result.put("message", "Value '" + valueToCheck + "' does not exist in the set");
            } else {
                // Some other error occurred
                result.put("exists", false);
                result.put("message", "Error checking set: " + e.getMessage());
                result.put("error", e.getClass().getSimpleName());
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a set with multiple values in a single operation.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to create a set with multiple values
     * in a single update operation.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param setAttributeName The name of the set attribute
     * @param setValues The values to include in the set
     * @param isNumberSet Whether to create a number set (true) or string set (false)
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse createSetWithValues(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String setAttributeName,
        Set<?> setValues,
        boolean isNumberSet) {

        AttributeValue setValue;

        if (isNumberSet) {
            // Convert numbers to strings for DynamoDB
            Set<String> stringValues = new HashSet<>();
            for (Object value : setValues) {
                if (value instanceof Number) {
                    stringValues.add(value.toString());
                } else {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Values must be numbers for a number set");
                }
            }

            setValue = AttributeValue.builder().ns(stringValues).build();
        } else {
            // Convert objects to strings for DynamoDB
            Set<String> stringValues = new HashSet<>();
            for (Object value : setValues) {
                stringValues.add(value.toString());
            }

            setValue = AttributeValue.builder().ss(stringValues).build();
        }

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #setAttr = :setValue")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#setAttr", setAttributeName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":setValue", setValue))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the current value of a set attribute.
     *
     * <p>Helper method to retrieve the current value of a set attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to get
     * @param setAttributeName The name of the set attribute
     * @return The set attribute value or null if not found
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static AttributeValue getSetAttribute(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key, String setAttributeName) {

        // Define the get parameters
        GetItemRequest request = GetItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .projectionExpression(setAttributeName)
            .build();

        try {
            // Perform the get operation
            GetItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.getItem(request);

            // Return the set attribute if it exists, otherwise null
            if (response.item() != null && response.item().containsKey(setAttributeName)) {
                return response.item().get(setAttributeName);
            }

            return null;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            throw DynamoDbException.builder()
                .message("Failed to get set attribute: " + e.getMessage())
                .cause(e)
                .build();
        }
    }

Example usage of set operations with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void exampleUsage(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Example key
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key = new HashMap<>();
        key.put("ProductId", AttributeValue.builder().s("P12345").build());

        System.out.println("Demonstrating set operations in DynamoDB");

        try {
            // Example 1: Create a string set with multiple values
            System.out.println("\nExample 1: Creating a string set with multiple values");
            Set<String> tags = new HashSet<>();
            tags.add("Electronics");
            tags.add("Gadget");
            tags.add("Smartphone");

            UpdateItemResponse createResponse = createSetWithValues(
                dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Tags", tags, false // Not a number set
                );

            System.out.println("Created set attribute: " + createResponse.attributes());

            // Example 2: Add values to a string set
            System.out.println("\nExample 2: Adding values to a string set");
            Set<String> additionalTags = new HashSet<>();
            additionalTags.add("Mobile");
            additionalTags.add("Wireless");

            UpdateItemResponse addResponse = addToStringSet(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Tags", additionalTags);

            System.out.println("Updated set attribute: " + addResponse.attributes());

            // Example 3: Create a number set with multiple values
            System.out.println("\nExample 3: Creating a number set with multiple values");
            Set<Number> ratings = new HashSet<>();
            ratings.add(4);
            ratings.add(5);
            ratings.add(4.5);

            UpdateItemResponse createNumberSetResponse = createSetWithValues(
                dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Ratings", ratings, true // Is a number set
                );

            System.out.println("Created number set attribute: " + createNumberSetResponse.attributes());

            // Example 4: Add values to a number set
            System.out.println("\nExample 4: Adding values to a number set");
            Set<Number> additionalRatings = new HashSet<>();
            additionalRatings.add(3.5);
            additionalRatings.add(4.2);

            UpdateItemResponse addNumberResponse =
                addToNumberSet(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Ratings", additionalRatings);

            System.out.println("Updated number set attribute: " + addNumberResponse.attributes());

            // Example 5: Remove values from a set
            System.out.println("\nExample 5: Removing values from a set");
            Set<String> tagsToRemove = new HashSet<>();
            tagsToRemove.add("Gadget");

            UpdateItemResponse removeResponse = removeFromSet(
                dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Tags", tagsToRemove, false // Not a number set
                );

            System.out.println("Updated set after removal: " + removeResponse.attributes());

            // Example 6: Check if a value exists in a set
            System.out.println("\nExample 6: Checking if a value exists in a set");
            Map<String, Object> checkResult = checkIfValueInSet(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Tags", "Electronics");

            System.out.println("Check result: " + checkResult.get("message"));

            // Example 7: Get the current value of a set attribute
            System.out.println("\nExample 7: Getting the current value of a set attribute");
            AttributeValue currentStringSet = getSetAttribute(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Tags");

            if (currentStringSet != null && currentStringSet.ss() != null) {
                System.out.println("Current string set values: " + currentStringSet.ss());
            } else {
                System.out.println("String set attribute not found");
            }

            AttributeValue currentNumberSet = getSetAttribute(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Ratings");

            if (currentNumberSet != null && currentNumberSet.ns() != null) {
                System.out.println("Current number set values: " + currentNumberSet.ns());
            } else {
                System.out.println("Number set attribute not found");
            }

            // Explain set operations
            System.out.println("\nKey points about DynamoDB set operations:");
            System.out.println(
                "1. DynamoDB supports three set types: string sets (SS), number sets (NS), and binary sets (BS)");
            System.out.println("2. Sets can only contain elements of the same type");
            System.out.println("3. Use ADD to add elements to a set");
            System.out.println("4. Use DELETE to remove elements from a set");
            System.out.println("5. Sets automatically remove duplicate values");
            System.out.println("6. Sets are unordered collections");
            System.out.println("7. Use the contains function to check if a value exists in a set");
            System.out.println("8. You can create a set with multiple values in a single operation");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

public class ScenarioPartiQLBatch {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        String tableName = "MoviesPartiQBatch";
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        System.out.println("Creating an Amazon DynamoDB table named " + tableName
            + " with a key named year and a sort key named title.");
        createTable(ddb, tableName);

        System.out.println("Adding multiple records into the " + tableName
            + " table using a batch command.");
        putRecordBatch(ddb);

        // Update multiple movies by using the BatchExecute statement.
        String title1 = "Star Wars";
        int year1 = 1977;
        String title2 = "Wizard of Oz";
        int year2 = 1939;

        System.out.println("Query two movies.");
        getBatch(ddb, tableName, title1, title2, year1, year2);

        System.out.println("Updating multiple records using a batch command.");
        updateTableItemBatch(ddb);

        System.out.println("Deleting multiple records using a batch command.");
        deleteItemBatch(ddb);

        System.out.println("Deleting the Amazon DynamoDB table.");
        deleteDynamoDBTable(ddb, tableName);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static boolean getBatch(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName, String title1, String title2, int year1, int year2) {
        String getBatch = "SELECT * FROM " + tableName + " WHERE title = ? AND year = ?";

        List<BatchStatementRequest> statements = new ArrayList<>();
        statements.add(BatchStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(getBatch)
            .parameters(AttributeValue.builder().s(title1).build(),
                AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(year1)).build())
            .build());
        statements.add(BatchStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(getBatch)
            .parameters(AttributeValue.builder().s(title2).build(),
                AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(year2)).build())
            .build());

        BatchExecuteStatementRequest batchExecuteStatementRequest = BatchExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
            .statements(statements)
            .build();

        try {
            BatchExecuteStatementResponse response = ddb.batchExecuteStatement(batchExecuteStatementRequest);
            if (!response.responses().isEmpty()) {
                response.responses().forEach(r -> {
                    System.out.println(r.item().get("title") + "\\t" + r.item().get("year"));
                });
                return true;
            } else {
                System.out.println("Couldn't find either " + title1 + " or " + title2 + ".");
                return false;
            }
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            return false;
        }
    }

    public static void createTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        DynamoDbWaiter dbWaiter = ddb.waiter();
        ArrayList<AttributeDefinition> attributeDefinitions = new ArrayList<>();

        // Define attributes.
        attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
            .attributeName("year")
            .attributeType("N")
            .build());

        attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
            .attributeName("title")
            .attributeType("S")
            .build());

        ArrayList<KeySchemaElement> tableKey = new ArrayList<>();
        KeySchemaElement key = KeySchemaElement.builder()
            .attributeName("year")
            .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
            .build();

        KeySchemaElement key2 = KeySchemaElement.builder()
            .attributeName("title")
            .keyType(KeyType.RANGE) // Sort
            .build();

        // Add KeySchemaElement objects to the list.
        tableKey.add(key);
        tableKey.add(key2);

        CreateTableRequest request = CreateTableRequest.builder()
            .keySchema(tableKey)
            .billingMode(BillingMode.PAY_PER_REQUEST) //  DynamoDB automatically scales based on traffic.
            .attributeDefinitions(attributeDefinitions)
            .tableName(tableName)
            .build();

        try {
            CreateTableResponse response = ddb.createTable(request);
            DescribeTableRequest tableRequest = DescribeTableRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .build();

            // Wait until the Amazon DynamoDB table is created.
            WaiterResponse<DescribeTableResponse> waiterResponse = dbWaiter
                .waitUntilTableExists(tableRequest);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
            String newTable = response.tableDescription().tableName();
            System.out.println("The " + newTable + " was successfully created.");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void putRecordBatch(DynamoDbClient ddb) {
        String sqlStatement = "INSERT INTO MoviesPartiQBatch VALUE {'year':?, 'title' : ?, 'info' : ?}";
        try {
            // Create three movies to add to the Amazon DynamoDB table.
            // Set data for Movie 1.
            List<AttributeValue> parameters = new ArrayList<>();

            AttributeValue att1 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .n("1977")
                .build();

            AttributeValue att2 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s("Star Wars")
                .build();

            AttributeValue att3 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s("No Information")
                .build();

            parameters.add(att1);
            parameters.add(att2);
            parameters.add(att3);

            BatchStatementRequest statementRequestMovie1 = BatchStatementRequest.builder()
                .statement(sqlStatement)
                .parameters(parameters)
                .build();

            // Set data for Movie 2.
            List<AttributeValue> parametersMovie2 = new ArrayList<>();
            AttributeValue attMovie2 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .n("1939")
                .build();

            AttributeValue attMovie2A = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s("Wizard of Oz")
                .build();

            AttributeValue attMovie2B = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s("No Information")
                .build();

            parametersMovie2.add(attMovie2);
            parametersMovie2.add(attMovie2A);
            parametersMovie2.add(attMovie2B);

            BatchStatementRequest statementRequestMovie2 = BatchStatementRequest.builder()
                .statement(sqlStatement)
                .parameters(parametersMovie2)
                .build();

            // Set data for Movie 3.
            List<AttributeValue> parametersMovie3 = new ArrayList<>();
            AttributeValue attMovie3 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .n(String.valueOf("2022"))
                .build();

            AttributeValue attMovie3A = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s("My Movie 3")
                .build();

            AttributeValue attMovie3B = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s("No Information")
                .build();

            parametersMovie3.add(attMovie3);
            parametersMovie3.add(attMovie3A);
            parametersMovie3.add(attMovie3B);

            BatchStatementRequest statementRequestMovie3 = BatchStatementRequest.builder()
                .statement(sqlStatement)
                .parameters(parametersMovie3)
                .build();

            // Add all three movies to the list.
            List<BatchStatementRequest> myBatchStatementList = new ArrayList<>();
            myBatchStatementList.add(statementRequestMovie1);
            myBatchStatementList.add(statementRequestMovie2);
            myBatchStatementList.add(statementRequestMovie3);

            BatchExecuteStatementRequest batchRequest = BatchExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
                .statements(myBatchStatementList)
                .build();

            BatchExecuteStatementResponse response = ddb.batchExecuteStatement(batchRequest);
            System.out.println("ExecuteStatement successful: " + response.toString());
            System.out.println("Added new movies using a batch command.");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void updateTableItemBatch(DynamoDbClient ddb) {
        String sqlStatement = "UPDATE MoviesPartiQBatch SET info = 'directors\":[\"Merian C. Cooper\",\"Ernest B. Schoedsack' where year=? and title=?";
        List<AttributeValue> parametersRec1 = new ArrayList<>();

        // Update three records.
        AttributeValue att1 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .n(String.valueOf("2022"))
            .build();

        AttributeValue att2 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("My Movie 1")
            .build();

        parametersRec1.add(att1);
        parametersRec1.add(att2);

        BatchStatementRequest statementRequestRec1 = BatchStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(sqlStatement)
            .parameters(parametersRec1)
            .build();

        // Update record 2.
        List<AttributeValue> parametersRec2 = new ArrayList<>();
        AttributeValue attRec2 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .n(String.valueOf("2022"))
            .build();

        AttributeValue attRec2a = AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("My Movie 2")
            .build();

        parametersRec2.add(attRec2);
        parametersRec2.add(attRec2a);
        BatchStatementRequest statementRequestRec2 = BatchStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(sqlStatement)
            .parameters(parametersRec2)
            .build();

        // Update record 3.
        List<AttributeValue> parametersRec3 = new ArrayList<>();
        AttributeValue attRec3 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .n(String.valueOf("2022"))
            .build();

        AttributeValue attRec3a = AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("My Movie 3")
            .build();

        parametersRec3.add(attRec3);
        parametersRec3.add(attRec3a);
        BatchStatementRequest statementRequestRec3 = BatchStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(sqlStatement)
            .parameters(parametersRec3)
            .build();

        // Add all three movies to the list.
        List<BatchStatementRequest> myBatchStatementList = new ArrayList<>();
        myBatchStatementList.add(statementRequestRec1);
        myBatchStatementList.add(statementRequestRec2);
        myBatchStatementList.add(statementRequestRec3);

        BatchExecuteStatementRequest batchRequest = BatchExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
            .statements(myBatchStatementList)
            .build();

        try {
            BatchExecuteStatementResponse response = ddb.batchExecuteStatement(batchRequest);
            System.out.println("ExecuteStatement successful: " + response.toString());
            System.out.println("Updated three movies using a batch command.");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println("Item was updated!");
    }

    public static void deleteItemBatch(DynamoDbClient ddb) {
        String sqlStatement = "DELETE FROM MoviesPartiQBatch WHERE year = ? and title=?";
        List<AttributeValue> parametersRec1 = new ArrayList<>();

        // Specify three records to delete.
        AttributeValue att1 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .n(String.valueOf("2022"))
            .build();

        AttributeValue att2 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("My Movie 1")
            .build();

        parametersRec1.add(att1);
        parametersRec1.add(att2);

        BatchStatementRequest statementRequestRec1 = BatchStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(sqlStatement)
            .parameters(parametersRec1)
            .build();

        // Specify record 2.
        List<AttributeValue> parametersRec2 = new ArrayList<>();
        AttributeValue attRec2 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .n(String.valueOf("2022"))
            .build();

        AttributeValue attRec2a = AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("My Movie 2")
            .build();

        parametersRec2.add(attRec2);
        parametersRec2.add(attRec2a);
        BatchStatementRequest statementRequestRec2 = BatchStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(sqlStatement)
            .parameters(parametersRec2)
            .build();

        // Specify record 3.
        List<AttributeValue> parametersRec3 = new ArrayList<>();
        AttributeValue attRec3 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .n(String.valueOf("2022"))
            .build();

        AttributeValue attRec3a = AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("My Movie 3")
            .build();

        parametersRec3.add(attRec3);
        parametersRec3.add(attRec3a);

        BatchStatementRequest statementRequestRec3 = BatchStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(sqlStatement)
            .parameters(parametersRec3)
            .build();

        // Add all three movies to the list.
        List<BatchStatementRequest> myBatchStatementList = new ArrayList<>();
        myBatchStatementList.add(statementRequestRec1);
        myBatchStatementList.add(statementRequestRec2);
        myBatchStatementList.add(statementRequestRec3);

        BatchExecuteStatementRequest batchRequest = BatchExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
            .statements(myBatchStatementList)
            .build();

        try {
            ddb.batchExecuteStatement(batchRequest);
            System.out.println("Deleted three movies using a batch command.");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void deleteDynamoDBTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        DeleteTableRequest request = DeleteTableRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .build();

        try {
            ddb.deleteTable(request);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println(tableName + " was successfully deleted!");
    }

    private static ExecuteStatementResponse executeStatementRequest(DynamoDbClient ddb, String statement,
                                                                    List<AttributeValue> parameters) {
        ExecuteStatementRequest request = ExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(statement)
            .parameters(parameters)
            .build();

        return ddb.executeStatement(request);
    }
}

public class ScenarioPartiQ {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        String fileName = "../../../resources/sample_files/movies.json";
        String tableName = "MoviesPartiQ";
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        System.out.println(
            "******* Creating an Amazon DynamoDB table named MoviesPartiQ with a key named year and a sort key named title.");
        createTable(ddb, tableName);

        System.out.println("Loading data into the MoviesPartiQ table.");
        loadData(ddb, fileName);

        System.out.println("Getting data from the MoviesPartiQ table.");
        getItem(ddb);

        System.out.println("Putting a record into the MoviesPartiQ table.");
        putRecord(ddb);

        System.out.println("Updating a record.");
        updateTableItem(ddb);

        System.out.println("Querying the movies released in 2013.");
        queryTable(ddb);

        System.out.println("Deleting the Amazon DynamoDB table.");
        deleteDynamoDBTable(ddb, tableName);
        ddb.close();
    }

    public static void createTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {
        DynamoDbWaiter dbWaiter = ddb.waiter();
        ArrayList<AttributeDefinition> attributeDefinitions = new ArrayList<>();

        // Define attributes.
        attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
            .attributeName("year")
            .attributeType("N")
            .build());

        attributeDefinitions.add(AttributeDefinition.builder()
            .attributeName("title")
            .attributeType("S")
            .build());

        ArrayList<KeySchemaElement> tableKey = new ArrayList<>();
        KeySchemaElement key = KeySchemaElement.builder()
            .attributeName("year")
            .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
            .build();

        KeySchemaElement key2 = KeySchemaElement.builder()
            .attributeName("title")
            .keyType(KeyType.RANGE) // Sort
            .build();

        // Add KeySchemaElement objects to the list.
        tableKey.add(key);
        tableKey.add(key2);

        CreateTableRequest request = CreateTableRequest.builder()
            .keySchema(tableKey)
            .billingMode(BillingMode.PAY_PER_REQUEST) //Scales based on traffic.
            .attributeDefinitions(attributeDefinitions)
            .tableName(tableName)
            .build();

        try {
            CreateTableResponse response = ddb.createTable(request);
            DescribeTableRequest tableRequest = DescribeTableRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .build();

            // Wait until the Amazon DynamoDB table is created.
            WaiterResponse<DescribeTableResponse> waiterResponse = dbWaiter.waitUntilTableExists(tableRequest);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
            String newTable = response.tableDescription().tableName();
            System.out.println("The " + newTable + " was successfully created.");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Load data into the table.
    public static void loadData(DynamoDbClient ddb, String fileName) throws IOException {

        String sqlStatement = "INSERT INTO MoviesPartiQ VALUE {'year':?, 'title' : ?, 'info' : ?}";
        JsonParser parser = new JsonFactory().createParser(new File(fileName));
        com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode rootNode = new ObjectMapper().readTree(parser);
        Iterator<JsonNode> iter = rootNode.iterator();
        ObjectNode currentNode;
        int t = 0;
        List<AttributeValue> parameters = new ArrayList<>();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {

            // Add 200 movies to the table.
            if (t == 200)
                break;
            currentNode = (ObjectNode) iter.next();

            int year = currentNode.path("year").asInt();
            String title = currentNode.path("title").asText();
            String info = currentNode.path("info").toString();

            AttributeValue att1 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .n(String.valueOf(year))
                .build();

            AttributeValue att2 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s(title)
                .build();

            AttributeValue att3 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s(info)
                .build();

            parameters.add(att1);
            parameters.add(att2);
            parameters.add(att3);

            // Insert the movie into the Amazon DynamoDB table.
            executeStatementRequest(ddb, sqlStatement, parameters);
            System.out.println("Added Movie " + title);

            parameters.remove(att1);
            parameters.remove(att2);
            parameters.remove(att3);
            t++;
        }
    }

    public static void getItem(DynamoDbClient ddb) {

        String sqlStatement = "SELECT * FROM MoviesPartiQ where year=? and title=?";
        List<AttributeValue> parameters = new ArrayList<>();
        AttributeValue att1 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .n("2012")
            .build();

        AttributeValue att2 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("The Perks of Being a Wallflower")
            .build();

        parameters.add(att1);
        parameters.add(att2);

        try {
            ExecuteStatementResponse response = executeStatementRequest(ddb, sqlStatement, parameters);
            System.out.println("ExecuteStatement successful: " + response.toString());

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void putRecord(DynamoDbClient ddb) {

        String sqlStatement = "INSERT INTO MoviesPartiQ VALUE {'year':?, 'title' : ?, 'info' : ?}";
        try {
            List<AttributeValue> parameters = new ArrayList<>();

            AttributeValue att1 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .n(String.valueOf("2020"))
                .build();

            AttributeValue att2 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s("My Movie")
                .build();

            AttributeValue att3 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .s("No Information")
                .build();

            parameters.add(att1);
            parameters.add(att2);
            parameters.add(att3);

            executeStatementRequest(ddb, sqlStatement, parameters);
            System.out.println("Added new movie.");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void updateTableItem(DynamoDbClient ddb) {

        String sqlStatement = "UPDATE MoviesPartiQ SET info = 'directors\":[\"Merian C. Cooper\",\"Ernest B. Schoedsack' where year=? and title=?";
        List<AttributeValue> parameters = new ArrayList<>();
        AttributeValue att1 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .n(String.valueOf("2013"))
            .build();

        AttributeValue att2 = AttributeValue.builder()
            .s("The East")
            .build();

        parameters.add(att1);
        parameters.add(att2);

        try {
            executeStatementRequest(ddb, sqlStatement, parameters);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println("Item was updated!");
    }

    // Query the table where the year is 2013.
    public static void queryTable(DynamoDbClient ddb) {
        String sqlStatement = "SELECT * FROM MoviesPartiQ where year = ? ORDER BY year";
        try {

            List<AttributeValue> parameters = new ArrayList<>();
            AttributeValue att1 = AttributeValue.builder()
                .n(String.valueOf("2013"))
                .build();
            parameters.add(att1);

            // Get items in the table and write out the ID value.
            ExecuteStatementResponse response = executeStatementRequest(ddb, sqlStatement, parameters);
            System.out.println("ExecuteStatement successful: " + response.toString());

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void deleteDynamoDBTable(DynamoDbClient ddb, String tableName) {

        DeleteTableRequest request = DeleteTableRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .build();

        try {
            ddb.deleteTable(request);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println(tableName + " was successfully deleted!");
    }

    private static ExecuteStatementResponse executeStatementRequest(DynamoDbClient ddb, String statement,
                                                                    List<AttributeValue> parameters) {
        ExecuteStatementRequest request = ExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
            .statement(statement)
            .parameters(parameters)
            .build();

        return ddb.executeStatement(request);
    }

    private static void processResults(ExecuteStatementResponse executeStatementResult) {
        System.out.println("ExecuteStatement successful: " + executeStatementResult.toString());
    }
}

Query a DynamoDB table using its primary key and a Global Secondary Index (GSI) with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    public QueryResponse queryTable(
        final String tableName, final String partitionKeyName, final String partitionKeyValue) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            System.out.println("Query on base table successful. Found " + response.count() + " items");
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format("Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName);
            throw new DynamoDbQueryException("Table not found: " + tableName, e);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error querying base table: " + e.getMessage());
            throw new DynamoDbQueryException("Failed to execute query on base table", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Queries a DynamoDB Global Secondary Index (GSI) by partition key.
     *
     * @param tableName         The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param indexName         The name of the GSI
     * @param partitionKeyName  The name of the GSI partition key attribute
     * @param partitionKeyValue The value of the GSI partition key to query
     * @return The query response from DynamoDB
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException if the table or index doesn't exist
     * @throws DynamoDbException if the query fails
     */
    public QueryResponse queryGlobalSecondaryIndex(
        final String tableName, final String indexName, final String partitionKeyName, final String partitionKeyValue) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Index name", indexName);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_IK, partitionKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_IK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .indexName(indexName)
            .keyConditionExpression(GSI_KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            System.out.println("Query on GSI successful. Found " + response.count() + " items");
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format(
                "Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" or index \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName, indexName);
            throw new DynamoDbQueryException("Table or index not found: " + tableName + "/" + indexName, e);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error querying GSI: " + e.getMessage());
            throw new DynamoDbQueryException("Failed to execute query on GSI", e);
        }
    }

Compare querying a table directly versus querying a GSI with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage =
            """
                Usage:
                    <tableName> <basePartitionKeyName> <basePartitionKeyValue> <gsiName> <gsiPartitionKeyName> <gsiPartitionKeyValue> [region]
                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to query.
                    basePartitionKeyName - The name of the base table partition key attribute.
                    basePartitionKeyValue - The value of the base table partition key to query.
                    gsiName - The name of the Global Secondary Index.
                    gsiPartitionKeyName - The name of the GSI partition key attribute.
                    gsiPartitionKeyValue - The value of the GSI partition key to query.
                    region (optional) - The AWS region where the table exists. (Default: us-east-1)
                """;

        if (args.length < 6) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        final String tableName = args[0];
        final String basePartitionKeyName = args[1];
        final String basePartitionKeyValue = args[2];
        final String gsiName = args[3];
        final String gsiPartitionKeyName = args[4];
        final String gsiPartitionKeyValue = args[5];
        final Region region = args.length > 6 ? Region.of(args[6]) : Region.US_EAST_1;

        try (DynamoDbClient ddb = DynamoDbClient.builder().region(region).build()) {
            final QueryTableAndGSI queryHelper = new QueryTableAndGSI(ddb);

            // Query the base table
            System.out.println("Querying base table where " + basePartitionKeyName + " = " + basePartitionKeyValue);
            final QueryResponse tableResponse =
                queryHelper.queryTable(tableName, basePartitionKeyName, basePartitionKeyValue);

            System.out.println("Found " + tableResponse.count() + " items in base table:");
            tableResponse.items().forEach(item -> System.out.println(item));

            // Query the GSI
            System.out.println(
                "\nQuerying GSI '" + gsiName + "' where " + gsiPartitionKeyName + " = " + gsiPartitionKeyValue);
            final QueryResponse gsiResponse =
                queryHelper.queryGlobalSecondaryIndex(tableName, gsiName, gsiPartitionKeyName, gsiPartitionKeyValue);

            System.out.println("Found " + gsiResponse.count() + " items in GSI:");
            gsiResponse.items().forEach(item -> System.out.println(item));

            // Explain the differences between querying a table and a GSI
            System.out.println("\nKey differences between querying a table and a GSI:");
            System.out.println("1. When querying a GSI, you must specify the indexName parameter");
            System.out.println("2. GSIs may not contain all attributes from the base table (projection)");
            System.out.println("3. GSIs consume read capacity units from the GSI's capacity, not the base table's");
            System.out.println("4. GSIs may have eventually consistent data (cannot use ConsistentRead=true)");

        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            System.err.println("Invalid input: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println("Table or index not found: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("DynamoDB error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("Unexpected error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Query a DynamoDB table using a begins_with condition on the sort key with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public QueryResponse queryWithBeginsWithCondition(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String sortKeyName,
        final String sortKeyPrefix) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Sort key name", sortKeyName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Sort key prefix", sortKeyPrefix);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_SK, sortKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_SK_PREFIX,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(sortKeyPrefix).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Query with begins_with condition successful. Found {0} items", response.count());
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Table not found: {0}", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error querying with begins_with condition", e);
            throw e;
        }
    }

Demonstrate using begins_with with different prefix lengths with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            CodeSampleUtils.BeginsWithQueryConfig config = CodeSampleUtils.BeginsWithQueryConfig.fromArgs(args);
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Querying items where {0} = {1} and {2} begins with ''{3}''", new Object[] {
                config.getPartitionKeyName(),
                config.getPartitionKeyValue(),
                config.getSortKeyName(),
                config.getSortKeyPrefix()
            });

            // Using the builder pattern to create and execute the query
            final QueryResponse response = new BeginsWithQueryBuilder()
                .withTableName(config.getTableName())
                .withPartitionKeyName(config.getPartitionKeyName())
                .withPartitionKeyValue(config.getPartitionKeyValue())
                .withSortKeyName(config.getSortKeyName())
                .withSortKeyPrefix(config.getSortKeyPrefix())
                .withRegion(config.getRegion())
                .execute();

            // Process the results
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Found {0} items:", response.count());
            response.items().forEach(item -> LOGGER.info(item.toString()));

            // Demonstrate with a different prefix
            if (!config.getSortKeyPrefix().isEmpty()) {
                String shorterPrefix = config.getSortKeyPrefix()
                    .substring(0, Math.max(1, config.getSortKeyPrefix().length() / 2));
                LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "\nNow querying with a shorter prefix: ''{0}''", shorterPrefix);

                final QueryResponse response2 = new BeginsWithQueryBuilder()
                    .withTableName(config.getTableName())
                    .withPartitionKeyName(config.getPartitionKeyName())
                    .withPartitionKeyValue(config.getPartitionKeyValue())
                    .withSortKeyName(config.getSortKeyName())
                    .withSortKeyPrefix(shorterPrefix)
                    .withRegion(config.getRegion())
                    .execute();

                LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Found {0} items with shorter prefix:", response2.count());
                response2.items().forEach(item -> LOGGER.info(item.toString()));
            }
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Invalid input: {0}", e.getMessage());
            printUsage();
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Table not found", e);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "DynamoDB error", e);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unexpected error", e);
        }
    }

Query a DynamoDB table for items within a date range with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public QueryResponse queryWithDateRange(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String dateKeyName,
        final LocalDate startDate,
        final LocalDate endDate) {

        // Focus on query logic, assuming parameters are valid
        if (startDate == null || endDate == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Start date and end date cannot be null");
        }

        if (endDate.isBefore(startDate)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("End date must be after start date");
        }

        // Format dates as ISO strings for DynamoDB (using just the date part)
        final String formattedStartDate = startDate.toString();
        final String formattedEndDate = endDate.toString();

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_SK, dateKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_START_DATE,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(formattedStartDate).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_END_DATE,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(formattedEndDate).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Query by date range successful. Found {0} items", response.count());
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Table not found: {0}", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error querying by date range: {0}", e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Demonstrates how to query a DynamoDB table with date range filtering.

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage =
            """
                Usage:
                    <tableName> <partitionKeyName> <partitionKeyValue> <dateKeyName> <startDate> <endDate> [region]
                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to query.
                    partitionKeyName - The name of the partition key attribute.
                    partitionKeyValue - The value of the partition key to query.
                    dateKeyName - The name of the date attribute to filter on.
                    startDate - The start date for the range query (YYYY-MM-DD).
                    endDate - The end date for the range query (YYYY-MM-DD).
                    region (optional) - The AWS region where the table exists. (Default: us-east-1)
                """;

        if (args.length < 6) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        try {
            // Parse command line arguments into a config object
            CodeSampleUtils.DateRangeQueryConfig config = CodeSampleUtils.DateRangeQueryConfig.fromArgs(args);

            LOGGER.log(
                Level.INFO, "Querying items from {0} to {1}", new Object[] {config.getStartDate(), config.getEndDate()
                });

            // Using the builder pattern to create and execute the query
            final QueryResponse response = new DateRangeQueryBuilder()
                .withTableName(config.getTableName())
                .withPartitionKeyName(config.getPartitionKeyName())
                .withPartitionKeyValue(config.getPartitionKeyValue())
                .withDateKeyName(config.getDateKeyName())
                .withStartDate(config.getStartDate())
                .withEndDate(config.getEndDate())
                .withRegion(config.getRegion())
                .execute();

            // Process the results
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Found {0} items:", response.count());
            response.items().forEach(item -> {
                LOGGER.info(item.toString());

                // Extract and display the date attribute for clarity
                if (item.containsKey(config.getDateKeyName())) {
                    LOGGER.log(
                        Level.INFO,
                        "  Date attribute: {0}",
                        item.get(config.getDateKeyName()).s());
                }
            });

            // Demonstrate with a different date range
            LocalDate narrowerStartDate = config.getStartDate().plusDays(1);
            LocalDate narrowerEndDate = config.getEndDate().minusDays(1);

            if (!narrowerStartDate.isAfter(narrowerEndDate)) {
                LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "\nNow querying with a narrower date range: {0} to {1}", new Object[] {
                    narrowerStartDate, narrowerEndDate
                });

                final QueryResponse response2 = new DateRangeQueryBuilder()
                    .withTableName(config.getTableName())
                    .withPartitionKeyName(config.getPartitionKeyName())
                    .withPartitionKeyValue(config.getPartitionKeyValue())
                    .withDateKeyName(config.getDateKeyName())
                    .withStartDate(narrowerStartDate)
                    .withEndDate(narrowerEndDate)
                    .withRegion(config.getRegion())
                    .execute();

                LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Found {0} items with narrower date range:", response2.count());
                response2.items().forEach(item -> LOGGER.info(item.toString()));
            }

            LOGGER.info("\nNote: When storing dates in DynamoDB:");
            LOGGER.info("1. Use ISO format (YYYY-MM-DD) for lexicographical ordering");
            LOGGER.info("2. Use the BETWEEN operator for inclusive date range queries");
            LOGGER.info("3. Consider using ISO-8601 format for timestamps with time components");

        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Invalid input: {0}", e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Table not found: {0}", e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "DynamoDB error: {0}", e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unexpected error: {0}", e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Query a DynamoDB table with a complex filter expression using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public QueryResponse queryWithComplexFilter(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String statusAttrName,
        final String activeStatus,
        final String pendingStatus,
        final String priceAttrName,
        final double minPrice,
        final double maxPrice,
        final String categoryAttrName) {

        // Validate parameters
        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Status attribute name", statusAttrName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Active status", activeStatus);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Pending status", pendingStatus);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Price attribute name", priceAttrName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Category attribute name", categoryAttrName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateNumericRange("Minimum price", minPrice, 0.0, Double.MAX_VALUE);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateNumericRange("Maximum price", maxPrice, minPrice, Double.MAX_VALUE);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#pk", partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_STATUS, statusAttrName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PRICE, priceAttrName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_CATEGORY, categoryAttrName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            ":pkValue", AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_ACTIVE,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(activeStatus).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PENDING,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(pendingStatus).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_MIN_PRICE,
            AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(minPrice)).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_MAX_PRICE,
            AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(maxPrice)).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .filterExpression(FILTER_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        return dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
    }

Query a DynamoDB table with a dynamically constructed filter expression using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    public static QueryResponse queryWithDynamicFilter(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final Map<String, Object> filterCriteria,
        final Region region,
        final DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient) {

        validateParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue, filterCriteria);

        DynamoDbClient ddbClient = dynamoDbClient;
        boolean shouldClose = false;

        try {
            if (ddbClient == null) {
                ddbClient = createClient(region);
                shouldClose = true;
            }

            final QueryWithDynamicFilter queryHelper = new QueryWithDynamicFilter(ddbClient);
            return queryHelper.queryWithDynamicFilter(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue, filterCriteria);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println("Table not found: " + tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Failed to execute dynamic filter query: " + e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("Unexpected error during query: " + e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        } finally {
            if (shouldClose && ddbClient != null) {
                ddbClient.close();
            }
        }
    }

Demonstrates how to use dynamic filter expressions with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage =
            """
                Usage:
                    <tableName> <partitionKeyName> <partitionKeyValue> <filterAttrName> <filterAttrValue> [region]
                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to query.
                    partitionKeyName - The name of the partition key attribute.
                    partitionKeyValue - The value of the partition key to query.
                    filterAttrName - The name of the attribute to filter on.
                    filterAttrValue - The value to filter by.
                    region (optional) - The AWS region where the table exists. (Default: us-east-1)
                """;

        if (args.length < 5) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        final String tableName = args[0];
        final String partitionKeyName = args[1];
        final String partitionKeyValue = args[2];
        final String filterAttrName = args[3];
        final String filterAttrValue = args[4];
        final Region region = args.length > 5 ? Region.of(args[5]) : Region.US_EAST_1;

        System.out.println("Querying items with dynamic filter: " + filterAttrName + " = " + filterAttrValue);

        try {
            // Using the builder pattern to create and execute the query
            final QueryResponse response = new DynamicFilterQueryBuilder()
                .withTableName(tableName)
                .withPartitionKeyName(partitionKeyName)
                .withPartitionKeyValue(partitionKeyValue)
                .withFilterCriterion(filterAttrName, filterAttrValue)
                .withRegion(region)
                .execute();

            // Process the results
            System.out.println("Found " + response.count() + " items:");
            response.items().forEach(item -> System.out.println(item));

            // Demonstrate multiple filter criteria
            System.out.println("\nNow querying with multiple filter criteria:");

            Map<String, Object> multipleFilters = new HashMap<>();
            multipleFilters.put(filterAttrName, filterAttrValue);
            multipleFilters.put("status", "active");

            final QueryResponse multiFilterResponse = new DynamicFilterQueryBuilder()
                .withTableName(tableName)
                .withPartitionKeyName(partitionKeyName)
                .withPartitionKeyValue(partitionKeyValue)
                .withFilterCriteria(multipleFilters)
                .withRegion(region)
                .execute();

            System.out.println("Found " + multiFilterResponse.count() + " items with multiple filters:");
            multiFilterResponse.items().forEach(item -> System.out.println(item));

        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            System.err.println("Invalid input: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println("Table not found: " + tableName);
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("DynamoDB error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("Unexpected error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Query a DynamoDB table with a filter expression and limit using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public QueryResponse queryWithFilterAndLimit(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String filterAttrName,
        final String filterAttrValue,
        final int limit) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Filter attribute name", filterAttrName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Filter attribute value", filterAttrValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validatePositiveInteger("Limit", limit);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_FILTER, filterAttrName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_FILTER,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(filterAttrValue).build());

        // Create the filter expression
        final String filterExpression = "#filterAttr = :filterValue";

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .filterExpression(filterExpression)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .limit(limit)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Query with filter and limit successful. Found {0} items", response.count());
            LOGGER.log(
                Level.INFO, "ScannedCount: {0} (total items evaluated before filtering)", response.scannedCount());
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Table not found: {0}", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error querying with filter and limit: {0}", e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Query a DynamoDB table with nested attributes using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    public QueryResponse queryWithNestedAttributes(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String nestedPath,
        final String nestedAttr,
        final String nestedValue) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Nested path", nestedPath);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Nested attribute", nestedAttr);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Nested value", nestedValue);

        // Split the nested path into components
        final String[] pathComponents = nestedPath.split("\\.");

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);

        // Build the nested attribute reference using document path notation
        final StringBuilder nestedAttributeRef = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0; i < pathComponents.length; i++) {
            final String aliasName = "#n" + i;
            expressionAttributeNames.put(aliasName, pathComponents[i]);

            if (i > 0) {
                nestedAttributeRef.append(".");
            }
            nestedAttributeRef.append(aliasName);
        }

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_NESTED,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(nestedValue).build());

        // Create the filter expression using the nested attribute reference
        final String filterExpression = nestedAttributeRef + " = :nestedValue";

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .filterExpression(filterExpression)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            System.out.println("Query with nested attribute filter successful. Found " + response.count() + " items");
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format("Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error querying with nested attribute filter: " + e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Demonstrates how to query a DynamoDB table with nested attributes.

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage =
            """
                Usage:
                    <tableName> <partitionKeyName> <partitionKeyValue> <nestedPath> <nestedAttr> <nestedValue> [region]
                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to query.
                    partitionKeyName - The name of the partition key attribute.
                    partitionKeyValue - The value of the partition key to query.
                    nestedPath - The path to the nested map attribute (e.g., "address").
                    nestedAttr - The name of the nested attribute (e.g., "city").
                    nestedValue - The value to filter by (e.g., "Seattle").
                    region (optional) - The AWS region where the table exists. (Default: us-east-1)
                """;

        if (args.length < 6) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        final String tableName = args[0];
        final String partitionKeyName = args[1];
        final String partitionKeyValue = args[2];
        final String nestedPath = args[3];
        final String nestedAttr = args[4];
        final String nestedValue = args[5];
        final Region region = args.length > 6 ? Region.of(args[6]) : Region.US_EAST_1;

        System.out.println("Querying items where " + partitionKeyName + " = " + partitionKeyValue + " and " + nestedPath
            + "." + nestedAttr + " = " + nestedValue);

        try {
            // Using the builder pattern to create and execute the query
            final QueryResponse response = new NestedAttributeQueryBuilder()
                .withTableName(tableName)
                .withPartitionKeyName(partitionKeyName)
                .withPartitionKeyValue(partitionKeyValue)
                .withNestedPath(nestedPath)
                .withNestedAttribute(nestedAttr)
                .withNestedValue(nestedValue)
                .withRegion(region)
                .execute();

            // Process the results
            System.out.println("Found " + response.count() + " items:");
            response.items().forEach(item -> {
                System.out.println(item);

                // Extract and display the nested attribute for clarity
                if (item.containsKey(nestedPath) && item.get(nestedPath).hasM()) {
                    Map<String, AttributeValue> nestedMap = item.get(nestedPath).m();
                    if (nestedMap.containsKey(nestedAttr)) {
                        System.out.println("  Nested attribute " + nestedPath + "." + nestedAttr + ": "
                            + formatAttributeValue(nestedMap.get(nestedAttr)));
                    }
                }
            });

            System.out.println("\nNote: When working with nested attributes in DynamoDB:");
            System.out.println("1. Use dot notation in filter expressions to access nested attributes");
            System.out.println("2. Use expression attribute names for each component of the path");
            System.out.println("3. Check if the nested attribute exists before accessing it");

        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            System.err.println("Invalid input: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println("Table not found: " + tableName);
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("DynamoDB error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("Unexpected error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Query a DynamoDB table with pagination using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

    public List<Map<String, AttributeValue>> queryWithPagination(
        final String tableName, final String partitionKeyName, final String partitionKeyValue, final int pageSize) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validatePositiveInteger("Page size", pageSize);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());

        // Create the query request
        QueryRequest.Builder queryRequestBuilder = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .limit(pageSize);

        // List to store all items from all pages
        final List<Map<String, AttributeValue>> allItems = new ArrayList<>();

        // Map to store the last evaluated key for pagination
        Map<String, AttributeValue> lastEvaluatedKey = null;
        int pageNumber = 1;

        try {
            do {
                // If we have a last evaluated key, use it for the next page
                if (lastEvaluatedKey != null) {
                    queryRequestBuilder.exclusiveStartKey(lastEvaluatedKey);
                }

                // Execute the query
                final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequestBuilder.build());

                // Process the current page of results
                final List<Map<String, AttributeValue>> pageItems = response.items();
                allItems.addAll(pageItems);

                // Get the last evaluated key for the next page
                lastEvaluatedKey = response.lastEvaluatedKey();
                if (lastEvaluatedKey != null && lastEvaluatedKey.isEmpty()) {
                    lastEvaluatedKey = null;
                }

                System.out.println("Page " + pageNumber + ": Retrieved " + pageItems.size() + " items (Running total: "
                    + allItems.size() + ")");

                pageNumber++;

            } while (lastEvaluatedKey != null);

            System.out.println("Query with pagination complete. Retrieved a total of " + allItems.size()
                + " items across " + (pageNumber - 1) + " pages");

            return allItems;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format("Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error querying with pagination: " + e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Demonstrates how to query a DynamoDB table with pagination.

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage =
            """
                Usage:
                    <tableName> <partitionKeyName> <partitionKeyValue> [pageSize] [region]
                Where:
                    tableName - The Amazon DynamoDB table to query.
                    partitionKeyName - The name of the partition key attribute.
                    partitionKeyValue - The value of the partition key to query.
                    pageSize (optional) - The maximum number of items to return per page. (Default: 10)
                    region (optional) - The AWS region where the table exists. (Default: us-east-1)
                """;

        if (args.length < 3) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        final String tableName = args[0];
        final String partitionKeyName = args[1];
        final String partitionKeyValue = args[2];
        final int pageSize = args.length > 3 ? Integer.parseInt(args[3]) : 10;
        final Region region = args.length > 4 ? Region.of(args[4]) : Region.US_EAST_1;

        System.out.println("Querying items with pagination (page size: " + pageSize + ")");

        try {
            // Using the builder pattern to create and execute the query
            final List<Map<String, AttributeValue>> allItems = new PaginationQueryBuilder()
                .withTableName(tableName)
                .withPartitionKeyName(partitionKeyName)
                .withPartitionKeyValue(partitionKeyValue)
                .withPageSize(pageSize)
                .withRegion(region)
                .executeWithPagination();

            // Process the results
            System.out.println("\nSummary: Retrieved a total of " + allItems.size() + " items");

            // Display the first few items as a sample
            final int sampleSize = Math.min(5, allItems.size());
            if (sampleSize > 0) {
                System.out.println("\nSample of retrieved items (first " + sampleSize + "):");
                for (int i = 0; i < sampleSize; i++) {
                    System.out.println(allItems.get(i));
                }

                if (allItems.size() > sampleSize) {
                    System.out.println("... and " + (allItems.size() - sampleSize) + " more items");
                }
            }
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            System.err.println("Invalid input: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println("Table not found: " + tableName);
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("DynamoDB error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("Unexpected error: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Query a DynamoDB table with configurable read consistency using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public QueryResponse queryWithConsistentReads(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final boolean useConsistentRead) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .consistentRead(useConsistentRead)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Query successful. Found {0} items", response.count());
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Table not found: {0}", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error querying with consistent reads", e);
            throw e;
        }
    }

Query Filtered Expression to gather TTL items in a DynamoDB table using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;

        final QueryRequest request = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .filterExpression(FILTER_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try (DynamoDbClient ddb = dynamoDbClient != null
            ? dynamoDbClient
            : DynamoDbClient.builder().region(region).build()) {
            final QueryResponse response = ddb.query(request);
            System.out.println("Query successful. Found " + response.count() + " items that have not expired yet.");

            // Print each item
            response.items().forEach(item -> {
                System.out.println("Item: " + item);
            });

            return 0;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format(TABLE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }

Query using date ranges in sort keys with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

    public QueryResponse queryWithDateRange(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String dateKeyName,
        final LocalDate startDate,
        final LocalDate endDate) {

        // Focus on query logic, assuming parameters are valid
        if (startDate == null || endDate == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Start date and end date cannot be null");
        }

        if (endDate.isBefore(startDate)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("End date must be after start date");
        }

        // Format dates as ISO strings for DynamoDB (using just the date part)
        final String formattedStartDate = startDate.toString();
        final String formattedEndDate = endDate.toString();

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_SK, dateKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_START_DATE,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(formattedStartDate).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_END_DATE,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(formattedEndDate).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, "Query by date range successful. Found {0} items", response.count());
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Table not found: {0}", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error querying by date range: {0}", e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Query using date-time variables with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    public QueryResponse queryWithDateTime(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String dateKeyName,
        final String startDate,
        final String endDate) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateDateRangeParameters(dateKeyName, startDate, endDate);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateDateFormat("Start date", startDate);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateDateFormat("End date", endDate);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#dateKey", dateKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            ":startDate", AttributeValue.builder().s(startDate).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            ":endDate", AttributeValue.builder().s(endDate).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            System.out.println("Query successful. Found " + response.count() + " items");
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format("Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error querying with date range: " + e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Query within date ranges in Unix epoch timestamps with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    public QueryResponse queryWithDateTimeEpoch(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String dateKeyName,
        final long startEpoch,
        final long endEpoch) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Date key name", dateKeyName);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateEpochTimestamp("Start epoch", startEpoch);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateEpochTimestamp("End epoch", endEpoch);

        // Create expression attribute names for the column names
        final Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put(EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_PK, partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#dateKey", dateKeyName);

        // Create expression attribute values for the column values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            EXPRESSION_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_PK,
            AttributeValue.builder().s(partitionKeyValue).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            ":startDate", AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(startEpoch)).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            ":endDate", AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(endEpoch)).build());

        // Create the query request
        final QueryRequest queryRequest = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression(KEY_CONDITION_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final QueryResponse response = dynamoDbClient.query(queryRequest);
            System.out.println("Query successful. Found " + response.count() + " items");
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format("Error: The Amazon DynamoDB table \"%s\" can't be found.\n", tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error querying with epoch timestamps: " + e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Query within date ranges using LocalDateTime objects with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;

import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    public QueryResponse queryWithDateTimeLocalDateTime(
        final String tableName,
        final String partitionKeyName,
        final String partitionKeyValue,
        final String dateKeyName,
        final LocalDateTime startDateTime,
        final LocalDateTime endDateTime) {

        CodeSampleUtils.validateTableParameters(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue);
        CodeSampleUtils.validateStringParameter("Date key name", dateKeyName);
        if (startDateTime == null || endDateTime == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Start and end LocalDateTime must not be null");
        }

        // Convert LocalDateTime to ISO-8601 strings in UTC with the correct format
        final String startDate = startDateTime.atZone(ZoneOffset.UTC).format(DATE_TIME_FORMATTER);
        final String endDate = endDateTime.atZone(ZoneOffset.UTC).format(DATE_TIME_FORMATTER);

        return queryWithDateTime(tableName, partitionKeyName, partitionKeyValue, dateKeyName, startDate, endDate);
    }

Demonstrate update expression order using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ReturnValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    /**
     * Demonstrates the effect of update expression order.
     *
     * <p>This method shows how the order of operations in an update expression
     * affects the result of the update.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @return Map containing the results of different update orders
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> demonstrateUpdateOrder(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key) {

        Map<String, Object> results = new HashMap<>();

        try {
            // Initialize the item with a counter
            UpdateItemRequest initRequest = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("SET Counter = :zero, OldCounter = :zero")
                .expressionAttributeValues(
                    Map.of(":zero", AttributeValue.builder().n("0").build()))
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                .build();

            dynamoDbClient.updateItem(initRequest);

            // Example 1: SET first, then ADD
            UpdateItemRequest setFirstRequest = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("SET Counter = :value ADD OldCounter :increment")
                .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                    ":value", AttributeValue.builder().n("10").build(),
                    ":increment", AttributeValue.builder().n("5").build()))
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                .build();

            UpdateItemResponse setFirstResponse = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(setFirstRequest);
            results.put("setFirstResponse", setFirstResponse);

            // Reset the item
            dynamoDbClient.updateItem(initRequest);

            // Example 2: ADD first, then SET
            UpdateItemRequest addFirstRequest = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("ADD Counter :increment SET OldCounter = :value")
                .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                    ":value", AttributeValue.builder().n("10").build(),
                    ":increment", AttributeValue.builder().n("5").build()))
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                .build();

            UpdateItemResponse addFirstResponse = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(addFirstRequest);
            results.put("addFirstResponse", addFirstResponse);

            // Reset the item
            dynamoDbClient.updateItem(initRequest);

            // Example 3: SET with multiple attributes
            UpdateItemRequest multiSetRequest = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("SET Counter = :value, OldCounter = Counter")
                .expressionAttributeValues(
                    Map.of(":value", AttributeValue.builder().n("10").build()))
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                .build();

            UpdateItemResponse multiSetResponse = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(multiSetRequest);
            results.put("multiSetResponse", multiSetResponse);

            // Reset the item
            dynamoDbClient.updateItem(initRequest);

            // Example 4: SET with expression using the same attribute
            UpdateItemRequest selfReferenceRequest = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("SET Counter = Counter + :increment, OldCounter = Counter")
                .expressionAttributeValues(
                    Map.of(":increment", AttributeValue.builder().n("5").build()))
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                .build();

            UpdateItemResponse selfReferenceResponse = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(selfReferenceRequest);
            results.put("selfReferenceResponse", selfReferenceResponse);

            results.put("success", true);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            results.put("success", false);
            results.put("error", e.getMessage());
        }

        return results;
    }

    /**
     * Updates an item with SET first, then REMOVE.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates updating an item with SET operation first,
     * followed by a REMOVE operation.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param attributeToSet The attribute to set
     * @param setValue The value to set
     * @param attributeToRemove The attribute to remove
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse updateWithSetFirst(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String attributeToSet,
        AttributeValue setValue,
        String attributeToRemove) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #setAttr = :setValue REMOVE #removeAttr")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of(
                "#setAttr", attributeToSet,
                "#removeAttr", attributeToRemove))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":setValue", setValue))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        try {
            return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            throw DynamoDbException.builder()
                .message("Failed to update item with SET first: " + e.getMessage())
                .cause(e)
                .build();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Updates an item with REMOVE first, then SET.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates updating an item with REMOVE operation first,
     * followed by a SET operation.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param attributeToSet The attribute to set
     * @param setValue The value to set
     * @param attributeToRemove The attribute to remove
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse updateWithRemoveFirst(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String attributeToSet,
        AttributeValue setValue,
        String attributeToRemove) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("REMOVE #removeAttr SET #setAttr = :setValue")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of(
                "#setAttr", attributeToSet,
                "#removeAttr", attributeToRemove))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":setValue", setValue))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        try {
            return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            throw DynamoDbException.builder()
                .message("Failed to update item with REMOVE first: " + e.getMessage())
                .cause(e)
                .build();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Updates an item with all operation types in a specific order.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates using all operation types (SET, REMOVE, ADD, DELETE)
     * in a specific order in a single update expression.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse updateWithAllOperationTypes(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #stringAttr = :stringVal, #mapAttr.#nestedAttr = :nestedVal " + "REMOVE #oldAttr "
                + "ADD #counterAttr :increment "
                + "DELETE #stringSetAttr :stringSetVal")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of(
                "#stringAttr", "StringAttribute",
                "#mapAttr", "MapAttribute",
                "#nestedAttr", "NestedAttribute",
                "#oldAttr", "OldAttribute",
                "#counterAttr", "CounterAttribute",
                "#stringSetAttr", "StringSetAttribute"))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                ":stringVal", AttributeValue.builder().s("New Value").build(),
                ":nestedVal", AttributeValue.builder().s("Nested Value").build(),
                ":increment", AttributeValue.builder().n("1").build(),
                ":stringSetVal", AttributeValue.builder().ss("Value1").build()))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        try {
            return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            throw DynamoDbException.builder()
                .message("Failed to update item with all operation types: " + e.getMessage())
                .cause(e)
                .build();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gets the current state of an item.
     *
     * <p>Helper method to retrieve the current state of an item.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to get
     * @return The item or null if not found
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static Map<String, AttributeValue> getItem(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key) {

        // Define the get parameters
        GetItemRequest request =
            GetItemRequest.builder().tableName(tableName).key(key).build();

        // Perform the get operation
        try {
            GetItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.getItem(request);

            // Return the item if it exists, otherwise null
            return response.item();
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            throw DynamoDbException.builder()
                .message("Failed to get item: " + e.getMessage())
                .cause(e)
                .build();
        }
    }

Example usage of update expression order with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void exampleUsage(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Example key
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key = new HashMap<>();
        key.put("ProductId", AttributeValue.builder().s("P12345").build());

        System.out.println("Demonstrating update expression order in DynamoDB");

        try {
            // Example 1: Demonstrate update order effects
            System.out.println("\nExample 1: Demonstrating update order effects");
            Map<String, Object> orderResults = demonstrateUpdateOrder(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key);

            if ((boolean) orderResults.get("success")) {
                System.out.println("SET first, then ADD:");
                System.out.println("  " + orderResults.get("setFirstResponse"));

                System.out.println("ADD first, then SET:");
                System.out.println("  " + orderResults.get("addFirstResponse"));

                System.out.println("SET with multiple attributes:");
                System.out.println("  " + orderResults.get("multiSetResponse"));

                System.out.println("SET with self-reference:");
                System.out.println("  " + orderResults.get("selfReferenceResponse"));
            } else {
                System.out.println("Error: " + orderResults.get("error"));
            }

            // Example 2: Update with SET first, then REMOVE
            System.out.println("\nExample 2: Update with SET first, then REMOVE");
            UpdateItemResponse setFirstResponse = updateWithSetFirst(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                "Status",
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Active").build(),
                "OldStatus");

            System.out.println("Updated attributes: " + setFirstResponse.attributes());

            // Example 3: Update with REMOVE first, then SET
            System.out.println("\nExample 3: Update with REMOVE first, then SET");
            UpdateItemResponse removeFirstResponse = updateWithRemoveFirst(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                "Status",
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Inactive").build(),
                "OldStatus");

            System.out.println("Updated attributes: " + removeFirstResponse.attributes());

            // Example 4: Update with all operation types
            System.out.println("\nExample 4: Update with all operation types");
            UpdateItemResponse allOpsResponse = updateWithAllOperationTypes(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key);

            System.out.println("Updated attributes: " + allOpsResponse.attributes());

            // Example 5: Get the current state of the item
            System.out.println("\nExample 5: Current state of the item");
            Map<String, AttributeValue> item = getItem(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key);

            if (item != null) {
                System.out.println("Item: " + item);
            } else {
                System.out.println("Item not found");
            }

            // Explain update expression order
            System.out.println("\nKey points about update expression order in DynamoDB:");
            System.out.println("1. Update expressions are processed in this order: SET, REMOVE, ADD, DELETE");
            System.out.println("2. Within each clause, operations are processed from left to right");
            System.out.println("3. SET operations use the item state before any updates in the expression");
            System.out.println("4. When an attribute is referenced multiple times, the first operation wins");
            System.out.println("5. To reference a new value, split the update into multiple operations");
            System.out.println("6. The order of clauses in the expression doesn't change the evaluation order");
            System.out.println("7. For complex updates, consider using multiple separate update operations");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Update warm throughput setting on an existing DynamoDB table using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GlobalSecondaryIndexUpdate;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateGlobalSecondaryIndexAction;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateTableRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.WarmThroughput;

    public static WarmThroughput buildWarmThroughput(final Long readUnitsPerSecond, final Long writeUnitsPerSecond) {
        return WarmThroughput.builder()
            .readUnitsPerSecond(readUnitsPerSecond)
            .writeUnitsPerSecond(writeUnitsPerSecond)
            .build();
    }

    /**
     * Updates a DynamoDB table with warm throughput settings for both the table and a global secondary index.
     *
     * @param ddb The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the table to update
     * @param tableReadUnitsPerSecond Read units per second for the table
     * @param tableWriteUnitsPerSecond Write units per second for the table
     * @param globalSecondaryIndexName The name of the global secondary index to update
     * @param globalSecondaryIndexReadUnitsPerSecond Read units per second for the GSI
     * @param globalSecondaryIndexWriteUnitsPerSecond Write units per second for the GSI
     */
    public static void updateDynamoDBTable(
        final DynamoDbClient ddb,
        final String tableName,
        final Long tableReadUnitsPerSecond,
        final Long tableWriteUnitsPerSecond,
        final String globalSecondaryIndexName,
        final Long globalSecondaryIndexReadUnitsPerSecond,
        final Long globalSecondaryIndexWriteUnitsPerSecond) {

        final WarmThroughput tableWarmThroughput =
            buildWarmThroughput(tableReadUnitsPerSecond, tableWriteUnitsPerSecond);
        final WarmThroughput gsiWarmThroughput =
            buildWarmThroughput(globalSecondaryIndexReadUnitsPerSecond, globalSecondaryIndexWriteUnitsPerSecond);

        final GlobalSecondaryIndexUpdate globalSecondaryIndexUpdate = GlobalSecondaryIndexUpdate.builder()
            .update(UpdateGlobalSecondaryIndexAction.builder()
                .indexName(globalSecondaryIndexName)
                .warmThroughput(gsiWarmThroughput)
                .build())
            .build();

        final UpdateTableRequest request = UpdateTableRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .globalSecondaryIndexUpdates(globalSecondaryIndexUpdate)
            .warmThroughput(tableWarmThroughput)
            .build();

        try {
            ddb.updateTable(request);
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }

        System.out.println(SUCCESS_MESSAGE);
    }

Update TTL on an existing DynamoDB item in a table.

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ResourceNotFoundException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;

    public UpdateItemResponse updateItemWithTTL(
        final String tableName, final String primaryKeyValue, final String sortKeyValue) {
        // Get current time in epoch second format
        final long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000;

        // Calculate expiration time 90 days from now in epoch second format
        final long expireDate = currentTime + (DAYS_TO_EXPIRE * SECONDS_PER_DAY);

        // Create the key map for the item to update
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> keyMap = new HashMap<>();
        keyMap.put(PRIMARY_KEY_ATTR, AttributeValue.builder().s(primaryKeyValue).build());
        keyMap.put(SORT_KEY_ATTR, AttributeValue.builder().s(sortKeyValue).build());

        // Create the expression attribute values
        final Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            ":c", AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(currentTime)).build());
        expressionAttributeValues.put(
            ":e", AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(expireDate)).build());

        final UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(keyMap)
            .updateExpression(UPDATE_EXPRESSION)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        try {
            final UpdateItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
            System.out.println(String.format(SUCCESS_MESSAGE, tableName));
            return response;
        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.format(TABLE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, tableName);
            throw e;
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            throw e;
        }
    }

Shows how to create an AWS Lambda function by using the Lambda Java runtime API. This example invokes different AWS services to perform a specific use case. This example demonstrates how to create a Lambda function invoked by Amazon API Gateway that scans an Amazon DynamoDB table for work anniversaries and uses Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) to send a text message to your employees that congratulates them at their one year anniversary date.

For complete source code and instructions on how to set up and run, see the full example on GitHub.

Shows how to create an AWS serverless workflow by using AWS Step Functions and the AWS SDK for Java 2.x. Each workflow step is implemented using an AWS Lambda function.

For complete source code and instructions on how to set up and run, see the full example on GitHub.

Demonstrate atomic counter operations using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ReturnValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    /**
     * Increments a counter using the ADD operation.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the ADD operation to atomically
     * increment a counter attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param counterName The name of the counter attribute
     * @param incrementValue The value to increment by
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse incrementCounterWithAdd(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String counterName,
        int incrementValue) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("ADD #counterName :increment")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#counterName", counterName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                ":increment",
                AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(incrementValue)).build()))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Increments a counter using the SET operation.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use the SET operation with an expression
     * to increment a counter attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param counterName The name of the counter attribute
     * @param incrementValue The value to increment by
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse incrementCounterWithSet(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String counterName,
        int incrementValue) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #counterName = #counterName + :increment")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#counterName", counterName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                ":increment",
                AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(incrementValue)).build()))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Increments a counter safely, handling the case where the counter doesn't exist yet.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use if_not_exists to safely increment a counter
     * that may not exist yet.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param counterName The name of the counter attribute
     * @param incrementValue The value to increment by
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse incrementCounterSafely(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String counterName,
        int incrementValue) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #counterName = if_not_exists(#counterName, :zero) + :increment")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#counterName", counterName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                ":increment",
                    AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(incrementValue)).build(),
                ":zero", AttributeValue.builder().n("0").build()))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Decrements a counter safely, ensuring it doesn't go below zero.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use a condition expression to safely
     * decrement a counter without going below zero.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param counterName The name of the counter attribute
     * @param decrementValue The value to decrement by
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation or if the counter would go below zero
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse decrementCounterSafely(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String counterName,
        int decrementValue) {

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #counterName = #counterName - :decrement")
            .conditionExpression("#counterName >= :decrement")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#counterName", counterName))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                ":decrement",
                AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(decrementValue)).build()))
            .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Compares the ADD and SET approaches for incrementing counters.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates the differences between using ADD and SET
     * for incrementing counters in DynamoDB.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @return Map containing the comparison results
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> compareAddVsSet(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key) {

        Map<String, Object> results = new HashMap<>();

        try {
            // Reset counters to ensure a fair comparison
            UpdateItemRequest resetRequest = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("SET AddCounter = :zero, SetCounter = :zero")
                .expressionAttributeValues(
                    Map.of(":zero", AttributeValue.builder().n("0").build()))
                .build();

            dynamoDbClient.updateItem(resetRequest);

            // Increment with ADD
            long addStartTime = System.nanoTime();
            UpdateItemResponse addResponse = incrementCounterWithAdd(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "AddCounter", 1);
            long addEndTime = System.nanoTime();
            long addDuration = addEndTime - addStartTime;

            // Increment with SET
            long setStartTime = System.nanoTime();
            UpdateItemResponse setResponse = incrementCounterWithSet(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "SetCounter", 1);
            long setEndTime = System.nanoTime();
            long setDuration = setEndTime - setStartTime;

            // Record results
            results.put("addResponse", addResponse);
            results.put("setResponse", setResponse);
            results.put("addDuration", addDuration);
            results.put("setDuration", setDuration);
            results.put("success", true);

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            results.put("success", false);
            results.put("error", e.getMessage());
        }

        return results;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the current value of a counter attribute.
     *
     * <p>Helper method to retrieve the current value of a counter attribute.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to get
     * @param counterName The name of the counter attribute
     * @return The counter value or null if not found
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static Integer getCounterValue(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key, String counterName) {

        // Define the get parameters
        GetItemRequest request = GetItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .projectionExpression(counterName)
            .build();

        // Perform the get operation
        GetItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.getItem(request);

        // Return the counter value if it exists, otherwise null
        if (response.item() != null && response.item().containsKey(counterName)) {
            return Integer.parseInt(response.item().get(counterName).n());
        }

        return null;
    }

Example usage of atomic counter operations with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void exampleUsage(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Example key
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key = new HashMap<>();
        key.put("ProductId", AttributeValue.builder().s("P12345").build());

        System.out.println("Demonstrating atomic counter operations in DynamoDB");

        try {
            // Example 1: Increment a counter using ADD
            System.out.println("\nExample 1: Incrementing a counter using ADD");
            UpdateItemResponse addResponse = incrementCounterWithAdd(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "ViewCount", 1);

            System.out.println("Updated counter: " + addResponse.attributes());

            // Example 2: Increment a counter using SET
            System.out.println("\nExample 2: Incrementing a counter using SET");
            UpdateItemResponse setResponse = incrementCounterWithSet(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "LikeCount", 1);

            System.out.println("Updated counter: " + setResponse.attributes());

            // Example 3: Increment a counter safely
            System.out.println("\nExample 3: Incrementing a counter safely");
            UpdateItemResponse safeResponse = incrementCounterSafely(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "ShareCount", 1);

            System.out.println("Updated counter: " + safeResponse.attributes());

            // Example 4: Decrement a counter safely
            System.out.println("\nExample 4: Decrementing a counter safely");
            try {
                UpdateItemResponse decrementResponse =
                    decrementCounterSafely(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "InventoryCount", 1);

                System.out.println("Updated counter: " + decrementResponse.attributes());
            } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
                if (e.getMessage().contains("ConditionalCheckFailed")) {
                    System.out.println("Cannot decrement counter below zero");
                } else {
                    throw e;
                }
            }

            // Example 5: Compare ADD vs SET
            System.out.println("\nExample 5: Comparing ADD vs SET");
            Map<String, Object> comparison = compareAddVsSet(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key);

            if ((boolean) comparison.get("success")) {
                System.out.println("ADD duration: " + comparison.get("addDuration") + " ns");
                System.out.println("SET duration: " + comparison.get("setDuration") + " ns");
                System.out.println("ADD response: " + comparison.get("addResponse"));
                System.out.println("SET response: " + comparison.get("setResponse"));
            } else {
                System.out.println("Comparison failed: " + comparison.get("error"));
            }

            // Explain atomic counter operations
            System.out.println("\nKey points about DynamoDB atomic counter operations:");
            System.out.println("1. Both ADD and SET can be used for atomic counters");
            System.out.println("2. ADD is more concise for simple increments");
            System.out.println("3. SET with an expression is more flexible for complex operations");
            System.out.println("4. Use if_not_exists to handle the case where the counter doesn't exist yet");
            System.out.println("5. Use condition expressions to prevent counters from going below zero");
            System.out.println("6. Atomic operations are guaranteed to be isolated from other writes");
            System.out.println("7. ADD can only be used with number and set data types");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Demonstrate conditional operations using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ConditionalCheckFailedException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DeleteItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DeleteItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.GetItemResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ReturnValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

    /**
     * Performs a conditional update on an item.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use a condition expression to update an item
     * only if a specific condition is met.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param conditionAttribute The attribute to check in the condition
     * @param conditionValue The value to compare against
     * @param updateAttribute The attribute to update
     * @param updateValue The new value to set
     * @return Map containing the operation result and status
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> conditionalUpdate(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String conditionAttribute,
        AttributeValue conditionValue,
        String updateAttribute,
        AttributeValue updateValue) {

        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();

        try {
            // Define the update parameters
            UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("SET #updateAttr = :updateVal")
                .conditionExpression("#condAttr = :condVal")
                .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of(
                    "#condAttr", conditionAttribute,
                    "#updateAttr", updateAttribute))
                .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                    ":condVal", conditionValue,
                    ":updateVal", updateValue))
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                .build();

            // Perform the update operation
            UpdateItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);

            // Record success result
            result.put("success", true);
            result.put("message", "Condition was met and update was performed");
            result.put("attributes", response.attributes());

        } catch (ConditionalCheckFailedException e) {
            // Record failure due to condition not being met
            result.put("success", false);
            result.put("message", "Condition was not met, update was not performed");
            result.put("error", "ConditionalCheckFailedException");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            // Record failure due to other errors
            result.put("success", false);
            result.put("message", "Error occurred: " + e.getMessage());
            result.put("error", e.getClass().getSimpleName());
        }

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Performs a conditional delete on an item.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use a condition expression to delete an item
     * only if a specific condition is met.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to delete
     * @param conditionAttribute The attribute to check in the condition
     * @param conditionValue The value to compare against
     * @return Map containing the operation result and status
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> conditionalDelete(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String conditionAttribute,
        AttributeValue conditionValue) {

        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();

        try {
            // Define the delete parameters
            DeleteItemRequest request = DeleteItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .conditionExpression("#condAttr = :condVal")
                .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#condAttr", conditionAttribute))
                .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":condVal", conditionValue))
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.ALL_OLD)
                .build();

            // Perform the delete operation
            DeleteItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.deleteItem(request);

            // Record success result
            result.put("success", true);
            result.put("message", "Condition was met and delete was performed");
            result.put("attributes", response.attributes());

        } catch (ConditionalCheckFailedException e) {
            // Record failure due to condition not being met
            result.put("success", false);
            result.put("message", "Condition was not met, delete was not performed");
            result.put("error", "ConditionalCheckFailedException");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            // Record failure due to other errors
            result.put("success", false);
            result.put("message", "Error occurred: " + e.getMessage());
            result.put("error", e.getClass().getSimpleName());
        }

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Demonstrates optimistic locking using a version attribute.
     *
     * <p>This method shows how to implement optimistic locking by using a version
     * attribute that is incremented with each update.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param versionAttribute The name of the version attribute
     * @return Map containing the operation result
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> optimisticLockingExample(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> key, String versionAttribute) {

        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();

        try {
            // Get the current version of the item
            GetItemRequest getRequest = GetItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .projectionExpression(versionAttribute)
                .build();

            GetItemResponse getResponse = dynamoDbClient.getItem(getRequest);

            // Check if the item exists
            if (getResponse.item() == null || !getResponse.item().containsKey(versionAttribute)) {
                // Item doesn't exist or doesn't have a version attribute
                // Initialize with version 1
                UpdateItemRequest initRequest = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                    .tableName(tableName)
                    .key(key)
                    .updateExpression("SET #verAttr = :newVer, #dataAttr = :data")
                    .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#verAttr", versionAttribute, "#dataAttr", "Data"))
                    .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                        ":newVer", AttributeValue.builder().n("1").build(),
                        ":data", AttributeValue.builder().s("Initial data").build()))
                    .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                    .build();

                UpdateItemResponse initResponse = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(initRequest);

                result.put("operation", "initialize");
                result.put("success", true);
                result.put("attributes", initResponse.attributes());

                return result;
            }

            // Get the current version number
            int currentVersion =
                Integer.parseInt(getResponse.item().get(versionAttribute).n());
            int newVersion = currentVersion + 1;

            // Update the item with a condition on the version
            UpdateItemRequest updateRequest = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("SET #verAttr = :newVer, #dataAttr = :newData")
                .conditionExpression("#verAttr = :curVer")
                .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#verAttr", versionAttribute, "#dataAttr", "Data"))
                .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(
                    ":curVer",
                        AttributeValue.builder()
                            .n(String.valueOf(currentVersion))
                            .build(),
                    ":newVer",
                        AttributeValue.builder().n(String.valueOf(newVersion)).build(),
                    ":newData",
                        AttributeValue.builder()
                            .s("Updated data at version " + newVersion)
                            .build()))
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                .build();

            UpdateItemResponse updateResponse = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(updateRequest);

            // Record success result
            result.put("operation", "update");
            result.put("success", true);
            result.put("oldVersion", currentVersion);
            result.put("newVersion", newVersion);
            result.put("attributes", updateResponse.attributes());

        } catch (ConditionalCheckFailedException e) {
            // Record failure due to version mismatch
            result.put("operation", "update");
            result.put("success", false);
            result.put("message", "Version mismatch, another process may have updated the item");
            result.put("error", "ConditionalCheckFailedException");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            // Record failure due to other errors
            result.put("operation", "update");
            result.put("success", false);
            result.put("message", "Error occurred: " + e.getMessage());
            result.put("error", e.getClass().getSimpleName());
        }

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Performs a conditional update with multiple conditions.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use multiple conditions in a condition expression.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param conditions Map of attribute names to values for conditions
     * @param updateAttribute The attribute to update
     * @param updateValue The new value to set
     * @return Map containing the operation result and status
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> conditionalUpdateWithMultipleConditions(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> conditions,
        String updateAttribute,
        AttributeValue updateValue) {

        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();

        try {
            // Build the condition expression and attribute names/values
            StringBuilder conditionExpression = new StringBuilder();
            Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
            Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();

            // Add update attribute
            expressionAttributeNames.put("#updateAttr", updateAttribute);
            expressionAttributeValues.put(":updateVal", updateValue);

            // Add conditions
            int i = 0;
            for (Map.Entry<String, AttributeValue> condition : conditions.entrySet()) {
                String attrName = condition.getKey();
                AttributeValue attrValue = condition.getValue();

                String nameKey = "#cond" + i;
                String valueKey = ":val" + i;

                expressionAttributeNames.put(nameKey, attrName);
                expressionAttributeValues.put(valueKey, attrValue);

                // Add AND between conditions (except for the first one)
                if (i > 0) {
                    conditionExpression.append(" AND ");
                }

                conditionExpression.append(nameKey).append(" = ").append(valueKey);
                i++;
            }

            // Define the update parameters
            UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
                .tableName(tableName)
                .key(key)
                .updateExpression("SET #updateAttr = :updateVal")
                .conditionExpression(conditionExpression.toString())
                .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
                .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
                .returnValues(ReturnValue.UPDATED_NEW)
                .build();

            // Perform the update operation
            UpdateItemResponse response = dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);

            // Record success result
            result.put("success", true);
            result.put("message", "All conditions were met and update was performed");
            result.put("attributes", response.attributes());

        } catch (ConditionalCheckFailedException e) {
            // Record failure due to condition not being met
            result.put("success", false);
            result.put("message", "One or more conditions were not met, update was not performed");
            result.put("error", "ConditionalCheckFailedException");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            // Record failure due to other errors
            result.put("success", false);
            result.put("message", "Error occurred: " + e.getMessage());
            result.put("error", e.getClass().getSimpleName());
        }

        return result;
    }

Example usage of conditional operations with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void exampleUsage(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Example key
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key = new HashMap<>();
        key.put("ProductId", AttributeValue.builder().s("P12345").build());

        System.out.println("Demonstrating conditional operations in DynamoDB");

        try {
            // Example 1: Conditional update
            System.out.println("\nExample 1: Conditional update");
            Map<String, Object> updateResult = conditionalUpdate(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                "InStock",
                AttributeValue.builder().bool(true).build(),
                "Status",
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Available").build());

            System.out.println("Update result: " + updateResult.get("message"));
            if ((boolean) updateResult.get("success")) {
                System.out.println("Updated attributes: " + updateResult.get("attributes"));
            }

            // Example 2: Conditional delete
            System.out.println("\nExample 2: Conditional delete");
            Map<String, Object> deleteResult = conditionalDelete(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                "Status",
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Discontinued").build());

            System.out.println("Delete result: " + deleteResult.get("message"));
            if ((boolean) deleteResult.get("success")) {
                System.out.println("Deleted item: " + deleteResult.get("attributes"));
            }

            // Example 3: Optimistic locking
            System.out.println("\nExample 3: Optimistic locking");
            Map<String, Object> lockingResult = optimisticLockingExample(dynamoDbClient, tableName, key, "Version");

            System.out.println("Optimistic locking result:");
            System.out.println("  Operation: " + lockingResult.get("operation"));
            System.out.println("  Success: " + lockingResult.get("success"));
            if (lockingResult.get("operation").equals("update") && (boolean) lockingResult.get("success")) {
                System.out.println("  Old version: " + lockingResult.get("oldVersion"));
                System.out.println("  New version: " + lockingResult.get("newVersion"));
            }
            System.out.println("  Attributes: " + lockingResult.get("attributes"));

            // Example 4: Multiple conditions
            System.out.println("\nExample 4: Multiple conditions");
            Map<String, AttributeValue> conditions = new HashMap<>();
            conditions.put("Price", AttributeValue.builder().n("199.99").build());
            conditions.put("Category", AttributeValue.builder().s("Electronics").build());

            Map<String, Object> multiConditionResult = conditionalUpdateWithMultipleConditions(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                conditions,
                "OnSale",
                AttributeValue.builder().bool(true).build());

            System.out.println("Multiple conditions result: " + multiConditionResult.get("message"));
            if ((boolean) multiConditionResult.get("success")) {
                System.out.println("Updated attributes: " + multiConditionResult.get("attributes"));
            }

            // Explain conditional operations
            System.out.println("\nKey points about DynamoDB conditional operations:");
            System.out.println("1. Conditional operations only succeed if the condition is met");
            System.out.println("2. ConditionalCheckFailedException is thrown when the condition fails");
            System.out.println("3. No changes are made to the item if the condition fails");
            System.out.println("4. Conditions can be used with update, delete, and put operations");
            System.out.println("5. Multiple conditions can be combined with AND and OR");
            System.out.println("6. Optimistic locking can be implemented using a version attribute");
            System.out.println(
                "7. Conditional operations consume the same amount of write capacity whether they succeed or fail");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Demonstrate expression attribute names using AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.AttributeValue;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.DynamoDbException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.QueryResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScanRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScanResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.UpdateItemResponse;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

    /**
     * Updates an attribute that is a reserved word in DynamoDB.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use expression attribute names to update
     * attributes that are reserved words in DynamoDB.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param reservedWordAttribute The reserved word attribute to update
     * @param value The value to set
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse updateReservedWordAttribute(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String reservedWordAttribute,
        AttributeValue value) {

        // Define the update parameters using expression attribute names
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #attr = :value")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#attr", reservedWordAttribute))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":value", value))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Updates an attribute that contains special characters.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use expression attribute names to update
     * attributes that contain special characters.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param specialCharAttribute The attribute with special characters to update
     * @param value The value to set
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse updateSpecialCharacterAttribute(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        String specialCharAttribute,
        AttributeValue value) {

        // Define the update parameters using expression attribute names
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET #attr = :value")
            .expressionAttributeNames(Map.of("#attr", specialCharAttribute))
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":value", value))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Queries items using an attribute that is a reserved word.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use expression attribute names in a query
     * when the attribute is a reserved word.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param partitionKeyName The name of the partition key attribute
     * @param partitionKeyValue The value of the partition key
     * @param reservedWordAttribute The reserved word attribute to filter on
     * @param value The value to compare against
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static QueryResponse queryWithReservedWordAttribute(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        String partitionKeyName,
        AttributeValue partitionKeyValue,
        String reservedWordAttribute,
        AttributeValue value) {

        // Define the query parameters using expression attribute names
        Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#pkName", partitionKeyName);
        expressionAttributeNames.put("#attr", reservedWordAttribute);

        Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        expressionAttributeValues.put(":pkValue", partitionKeyValue);
        expressionAttributeValues.put(":value", value);

        QueryRequest request = QueryRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .keyConditionExpression("#pkName = :pkValue")
            .filterExpression("#attr = :value")
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        // Perform the query operation
        return dynamoDbClient.query(request);
    }

    /**
     * Updates a nested attribute with a path that contains reserved words.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use expression attribute names to update
     * nested attributes where the path contains reserved words.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param key The key of the item to update
     * @param attributePath The path to the nested attribute as an array
     * @param value The value to set
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static UpdateItemResponse updateNestedReservedWordAttribute(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient,
        String tableName,
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key,
        List<String> attributePath,
        AttributeValue value) {

        // Create expression attribute names for each part of the path
        Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < attributePath.size(); i++) {
            expressionAttributeNames.put("#attr" + i, attributePath.get(i));
        }

        // Build the attribute path using the expression attribute names
        StringBuilder attributePathExpression = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0; i < attributePath.size(); i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                attributePathExpression.append(".");
            }
            attributePathExpression.append("#attr").append(i);
        }

        // Define the update parameters
        UpdateItemRequest request = UpdateItemRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .key(key)
            .updateExpression("SET " + attributePathExpression.toString() + " = :value")
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(Map.of(":value", value))
            .returnValues("UPDATED_NEW")
            .build();

        // Perform the update operation
        return dynamoDbClient.updateItem(request);
    }

    /**
     * Scans a table with multiple attribute name placeholders.
     *
     * <p>This method demonstrates how to use multiple expression attribute names
     * in a complex filter expression.
     *
     * @param dynamoDbClient The DynamoDB client
     * @param tableName The name of the DynamoDB table
     * @param filters Object mapping attribute names to filter values
     * @return The response from DynamoDB
     * @throws DynamoDbException if an error occurs during the operation
     */
    public static ScanResponse scanWithMultipleAttributeNames(
        DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName, Map<String, AttributeValue> filters) {

        // Create expression attribute names and values
        Map<String, String> expressionAttributeNames = new HashMap<>();
        Map<String, AttributeValue> expressionAttributeValues = new HashMap<>();
        StringBuilder filterExpression = new StringBuilder();

        // Build the filter expression
        int index = 0;
        for (Map.Entry<String, AttributeValue> entry : filters.entrySet()) {
            String attrName = entry.getKey();
            AttributeValue attrValue = entry.getValue();

            String nameKey = "#attr" + index;
            String valueKey = ":val" + index;

            expressionAttributeNames.put(nameKey, attrName);
            expressionAttributeValues.put(valueKey, attrValue);

            // Add AND between conditions (except for the first one)
            if (index > 0) {
                filterExpression.append(" AND ");
            }

            filterExpression.append(nameKey).append(" = ").append(valueKey);
            index++;
        }

        // Define the scan parameters
        ScanRequest request = ScanRequest.builder()
            .tableName(tableName)
            .filterExpression(filterExpression.toString())
            .expressionAttributeNames(expressionAttributeNames)
            .expressionAttributeValues(expressionAttributeValues)
            .build();

        // Perform the scan operation
        return dynamoDbClient.scan(request);
    }

Example usage of expression attribute names with AWS SDK for Java 2.x.

    public static void exampleUsage(DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient, String tableName) {
        // Example key
        Map<String, AttributeValue> key = new HashMap<>();
        key.put("ProductId", AttributeValue.builder().s("P12345").build());

        System.out.println("Demonstrating expression attribute names in DynamoDB");

        try {
            // Example 1: Update an attribute that is a reserved word
            System.out.println("\nExample 1: Updating an attribute that is a reserved word");
            UpdateItemResponse response1 = updateReservedWordAttribute(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                "Size", // "SIZE" is a reserved word in DynamoDB
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Large").build());

            System.out.println("Updated attribute: " + response1.attributes());

            // Example 2: Update an attribute with special characters
            System.out.println("\nExample 2: Updating an attribute with special characters");
            UpdateItemResponse response2 = updateSpecialCharacterAttribute(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                "Product-Type", // Contains a hyphen, which is a special character
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Electronics").build());

            System.out.println("Updated attribute: " + response2.attributes());

            // Example 3: Query with a reserved word attribute
            System.out.println("\nExample 3: Querying with a reserved word attribute");
            QueryResponse response3 = queryWithReservedWordAttribute(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                "Category",
                AttributeValue.builder().s("Electronics").build(),
                "Count", // "COUNT" is a reserved word in DynamoDB
                AttributeValue.builder().n("10").build());

            System.out.println("Found " + response3.count() + " items");

            // Example 4: Update a nested attribute with reserved words in the path
            System.out.println("\nExample 4: Updating a nested attribute with reserved words in the path");
            UpdateItemResponse response4 = updateNestedReservedWordAttribute(
                dynamoDbClient,
                tableName,
                key,
                Arrays.asList("Dimensions", "Size", "Height"), // "SIZE" is a reserved word
                AttributeValue.builder().n("30").build());

            System.out.println("Updated nested attribute: " + response4.attributes());

            // Example 5: Scan with multiple attribute name placeholders
            System.out.println("\nExample 5: Scanning with multiple attribute name placeholders");
            Map<String, AttributeValue> filters = new HashMap<>();
            filters.put("Size", AttributeValue.builder().s("Large").build());
            filters.put("Count", AttributeValue.builder().n("10").build());
            filters.put(
                "Product-Type", AttributeValue.builder().s("Electronics").build());

            ScanResponse response5 = scanWithMultipleAttributeNames(dynamoDbClient, tableName, filters);

            System.out.println("Found " + response5.count() + " items");

            // Show some common reserved words
            System.out.println("\nSome common DynamoDB reserved words:");
            List<String> commonReservedWords = getDynamoDBReservedWords();
            System.out.println(String.join(", ", commonReservedWords));

            // Explain expression attribute names
            System.out.println("\nKey points about expression attribute names:");
            System.out.println("1. Use expression attribute names (#name) for reserved words");
            System.out.println("2. Use expression attribute names for attributes with special characters");
            System.out.println(
                "3. Special characters include: spaces, hyphens, dots, and other non-alphanumeric characters");
            System.out.println("4. Expression attribute names are required for nested attributes with reserved words");
            System.out.println("5. You can use multiple expression attribute names in a single expression");
            System.out.println("6. Expression attribute names are case-sensitive");
            System.out.println("7. Expression attribute names are only used in expressions, not in the actual data");

        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Shows how to create an Amazon EventBridge scheduled event that invokes an AWS Lambda function. Configure EventBridge to use a cron expression to schedule when the Lambda function is invoked. In this example, you create a Lambda function by using the Lambda Java runtime API. This example invokes different AWS services to perform a specific use case. This example demonstrates how to create an app that sends a mobile text message to your employees that congratulates them at the one year anniversary date.

For complete source code and instructions on how to set up and run, see the full example on GitHub.

Consuming a DynamoDB event with Lambda using Java.

import com.amazonaws.services.lambda.runtime.Context;
import com.amazonaws.services.lambda.runtime.RequestHandler;
import com.amazonaws.services.lambda.runtime.events.DynamodbEvent;
import com.amazonaws.services.lambda.runtime.events.DynamodbEvent.DynamodbStreamRecord;
import com.google.gson.Gson;
import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;

public class example implements RequestHandler<DynamodbEvent, Void> {

    private static final Gson GSON = new GsonBuilder().setPrettyPrinting().create();

    @Override
    public Void handleRequest(DynamodbEvent event, Context context) {
        System.out.println(GSON.toJson(event));
        event.getRecords().forEach(this::logDynamoDBRecord);
        return null;
    }

    private void logDynamoDBRecord(DynamodbStreamRecord record) {
        System.out.println(record.getEventID());
        System.out.println(record.getEventName());
        System.out.println("DynamoDB Record: " + GSON.toJson(record.getDynamodb()));
    }
}

Reporting DynamoDB batch item failures with Lambda using Java.

// Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
import com.amazonaws.services.lambda.runtime.Context;
import com.amazonaws.services.lambda.runtime.RequestHandler;
import com.amazonaws.services.lambda.runtime.events.DynamodbEvent;
import com.amazonaws.services.lambda.runtime.events.StreamsEventResponse;
import com.amazonaws.services.lambda.runtime.events.models.dynamodb.StreamRecord;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class ProcessDynamodbRecords implements RequestHandler<DynamodbEvent, StreamsEventResponse> {

    @Override
    public StreamsEventResponse handleRequest(DynamodbEvent input, Context context) {

        List<StreamsEventResponse.BatchItemFailure> batchItemFailures = new ArrayList<>();
        String curRecordSequenceNumber = "";

        for (DynamodbEvent.DynamodbStreamRecord dynamodbStreamRecord : input.getRecords()) {
          try {
                //Process your record
                StreamRecord dynamodbRecord = dynamodbStreamRecord.getDynamodb();
                curRecordSequenceNumber = dynamodbRecord.getSequenceNumber();
                
            } catch (Exception e) {
                /* Since we are working with streams, we can return the failed item immediately.
                   Lambda will immediately begin to retry processing from this failed item onwards. */
                batchItemFailures.add(new StreamsEventResponse.BatchItemFailure(curRecordSequenceNumber));
                return new StreamsEventResponse(batchItemFailures);
            }
        }
       
       return new StreamsEventResponse();   
    }
}

Shows how to build and test a serverless application that consists of an API Gateway with Lambda and DynamoDB using the Java SDK.

For complete source code and instructions on how to set up and run, see the full example on GitHub.