# Identity-based policy examples for Amazon Aurora DSQL
By default, users and roles don't have permission to create or modify Aurora DSQL resources. To grant users permission to perform actions on the resources that they need, an IAM administrator can create IAM policies.
To learn how to create an IAM identity-based policy by using these example JSON policy documents, see [Create IAM policies (console)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_create-console.html) in the *IAM User Guide*.
For details about actions and resource types defined by Aurora DSQL, including the format of the ARNs for each of the resource types, see [Actions, Resources, and Condition Keys for Amazon Aurora DSQL ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/list_your_service.html) in the *Service Authorization Reference*.
**Topics**
+ [Policy best practices](#security_iam_service-with-iam-policy-best-practices)
+ [Using the Aurora DSQL console](#security_iam_id-based-policy-examples-console)
+ [Allow users to view their own permissions](#security_iam_id-based-policy-examples-view-own-permissions)
+ [Allow cluster management and database connection](#security_iam_id-based-policy-examples-cluster-management)
+ [Aurora DSQL resource access based on tags](#security_iam_id-based-policy-examples-tag-based-access)
## Policy best practices
Identity-based policies determine whether someone can create, access, or delete Aurora DSQL resources in your account. These actions can incur costs for your AWS account. When you create or edit identity-based policies, follow these guidelines and recommendations:
+ **Get started with AWS managed policies and move toward least-privilege permissions** – To get started granting permissions to your users and workloads, use the *AWS managed policies* that grant permissions for many common use cases. They are available in your AWS account. We recommend that you reduce permissions further by defining AWS customer managed policies that are specific to your use cases. For more information, see [AWS managed policies](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_managed-vs-inline.html#aws-managed-policies) or [AWS managed policies for job functions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_job-functions.html) in the *IAM User Guide*.
+ **Apply least-privilege permissions** – When you set permissions with IAM policies, grant only the permissions required to perform a task. You do this by defining the actions that can be taken on specific resources under specific conditions, also known as *least-privilege permissions*. For more information about using IAM to apply permissions, see [ Policies and permissions in IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies.html) in the *IAM User Guide*.
+ **Use conditions in IAM policies to further restrict access** – You can add a condition to your policies to limit access to actions and resources. For example, you can write a policy condition to specify that all requests must be sent using SSL. You can also use conditions to grant access to service actions if they are used through a specific AWS service, such as CloudFormation. For more information, see [ IAM JSON policy elements: Condition](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements_condition.html) in the *IAM User Guide*.
+ **Use IAM Access Analyzer to validate your IAM policies to ensure secure and functional permissions** – IAM Access Analyzer validates new and existing policies so that the policies adhere to the IAM policy language (JSON) and IAM best practices. IAM Access Analyzer provides more than 100 policy checks and actionable recommendations to help you author secure and functional policies. For more information, see [Validate policies with IAM Access Analyzer](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access-analyzer-policy-validation.html) in the *IAM User Guide*.
+ **Require multi-factor authentication (MFA)** – If you have a scenario that requires IAM users or a root user in your AWS account, turn on MFA for additional security. To require MFA when API operations are called, add MFA conditions to your policies. For more information, see [ Secure API access with MFA](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_mfa_configure-api-require.html) in the *IAM User Guide*.
For more information about best practices in IAM, see [Security best practices in IAM](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/best-practices.html) in the *IAM User Guide*.
## Using the Aurora DSQL console
To access the Amazon Aurora DSQL console, you must have a minimum set of permissions. These permissions must allow you to list and view details about the Aurora DSQL resources in your AWS account. If you create an identity-based policy that is more restrictive than the minimum required permissions, the console won't function as intended for entities (users or roles) with that policy.
You don't need to allow minimum console permissions for users that are making calls only to the AWS CLI or the AWS API. Instead, allow access to only the actions that match the API operation that they're trying to perform.
To ensure that users and roles can still use the Aurora DSQL console, also attach the Aurora DSQL `AmazonAuroraDSQLConsoleFullAccess` or `AmazonAuroraDSQLReadOnlyAccess` AWS managed policy to the entities. For more information, see [Adding permissions to a user](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_users_change-permissions.html#users_change_permissions-add-console) in the *IAM User Guide*.
## Allow users to view their own permissions
This example shows how you might create a policy that allows IAM users to view the inline and managed policies that are attached to their user identity. This policy includes permissions to complete this action on the console or programmatically using the AWS CLI or AWS API.
```
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "ViewOwnUserInfo",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"iam:GetUserPolicy",
"iam:ListGroupsForUser",
"iam:ListAttachedUserPolicies",
"iam:ListUserPolicies",
"iam:GetUser"
],
"Resource": ["arn:aws:iam::*:user/${aws:username}"]
},
{
"Sid": "NavigateInConsole",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"iam:GetGroupPolicy",
"iam:GetPolicyVersion",
"iam:GetPolicy",
"iam:ListAttachedGroupPolicies",
"iam:ListGroupPolicies",
"iam:ListPolicyVersions",
"iam:ListPolicies",
"iam:ListUsers"
],
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
```
## Allow cluster management and database connection
The following policy grants an IAM user permission to manage and connect to a specific Aurora DSQL cluster. The policy scopes cluster management and connection actions to a single cluster Amazon Resource Name (ARN), while allowing `dsql:ListClusters` on all resources because this action does not support resource-level permissions.
This example uses `dsql:DbConnectAdmin` to connect with the `admin` role. To connect with a custom database role instead, replace `dsql:DbConnectAdmin` with `dsql:DbConnect`. For more information, see [Authentication and authorization for Aurora DSQL](authentication-authorization.md).
------
#### [ JSON ]
****
```
{
"Version":"2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "AllowClusterManagement",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"dsql:GetCluster",
"dsql:UpdateCluster",
"dsql:DeleteCluster",
"dsql:DbConnectAdmin",
"dsql:TagResource",
"dsql:ListTagsForResource",
"dsql:UntagResource"
],
"Resource": "arn:aws:dsql:*:123456789012:cluster/my-cluster-id"
},
{
"Sid": "AllowListClusters",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "dsql:ListClusters",
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
```
------
## Aurora DSQL resource access based on tags
You can use conditions in your identity-based policy to control access to Aurora DSQL resources based on tags. The following example shows how you might create a policy that allows viewing a cluster. However, the policy grants permission only if the cluster tag `Owner` has the value of that user's user name. This policy also grants the permissions necessary to complete this action on the console.
------
#### [ JSON ]
****
```
{
"Version":"2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "ListClustersInConsole",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "dsql:ListClusters",
"Resource": "*"
},
{
"Sid": "ViewClusterIfOwner",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "dsql:GetCluster",
"Resource": "arn:aws:dsql:*:*:cluster/*",
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {
"aws:ResourceTag/Owner": "${aws:username}"
}
}
}
]
}
```
------
You can attach this policy to the IAM users in your account. If a user named `richard-roe` attempts to view an Aurora DSQL cluster, the cluster must be tagged `Owner=richard-roe` or `owner=richard-roe`. Otherwise IAM denies access. The condition tag key `Owner` matches both `Owner` and `owner` because condition key names are not case-sensitive. For more information, see [IAM JSON policy elements: Condition](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements_condition.html) in the *IAM User Guide*.
The following policy allows a user to create clusters only if they tag the cluster with their own user name as the `Owner`. It also allows tagging only on clusters that the user already owns.
------
#### [ JSON ]
****
```
{
"Version":"2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "AllowCreateTaggedCluster",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "dsql:CreateCluster",
"Resource": "arn:aws:dsql:*:123456789012:cluster/*",
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {
"aws:RequestTag/Owner": "${aws:username}"
}
}
},
{
"Sid": "AllowTagOwnedClusters",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "dsql:TagResource",
"Resource": "arn:aws:dsql:*:123456789012:cluster/*",
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {
"aws:ResourceTag/Owner": "${aws:username}"
}
}
}
]
}
```
------