# Query components and syntax in CloudWatch Metrics Insights
Query components and syntax

CloudWatch Metrics Insights syntax is as follows.

```
SELECT FUNCTION(metricName)
FROM namespace | SCHEMA(...)
[ WHERE labelKey OPERATOR labelValue [AND ... ] ]
[ GROUP BY labelKey [ , ... ] ]
[ ORDER BY FUNCTION() [ DESC | ASC ] ]
[ LIMIT number ]
```

The possible clauses in a Metrics Insights query are as follows. None of the keywords are case sensitive, but the identifiers such as the names of metrics, namespaces, and dimensions are case sensitive.

**SELECT**  
Required. Specifies the function to use to aggregate observations in each time bucket (determined by the provided period). Also specifies the name of the metric to query.  
The valid values for **FUNCTION** are `AVG`, `COUNT`, `MAX`, `MIN`, and `SUM`.  
+ `AVG` calculates the average of the observations matched by the query.
+ `COUNT` returns the count of the observations matched by the query.
+ `MAX` returns the maximum value of the observations matched by the query.
+ `MIN` returns the minimum value of the observations matched by the query.
+ `SUM` calculates the sum of the observations matched by the query.

**FROM**  
Required. Specifies the source of the metric. You can specify either the metric namespace that contains the metric that is to be queried, or a **SCHEMA** table function. Examples of metric namespaces include `"AWS/EC2"`, `"AWS/Lambda"`, and metric namespaces that you have created for your custom metrics.  
Metric namespaces that include **/** or any other character that is not a letter, number, or underscore must be surrounded by double quotation marks. For more information, see [What needs quotation marks or escape characters?](#cloudwatch-metrics-insights-syntaxdetails).  
**SCHEMA**  
An optional table function that can be used within a **FROM** clause. Use **SCHEMA** to scope down the query results to only the metrics that exactly match a list of dimensions, or to metrics that have no dimensions.   
If you use a **SCHEMA** clause, it must contain at least one argument, and this first argument must be the metric namespace being queried. If you specify **SCHEMA** with only this namespace argument, the results are scoped down to only metrics that do not have any dimensions.  
If you specify **SCHEMA** with additional arguments, the additional arguments after the namespace argument must be *label* keys. Label keys must be dimension names. If you specify one or more of these label keys, the results are scoped down to only those metrics that have that exact set of dimensions. The order of these label keys does not matter.  
For example:  
+ **SELECT AVG(CPUUtilization) FROM "AWS/EC2"** matches all `CPUUtilization` metrics in the `AWS/EC2` namespace, no matter their dimensions, and returns a single aggregated time series. 
+ **SELECT AVG(CPUUtilization) FROM SCHEMA("AWS/EC2")** matches only the `CPUUtilization` metrics in the `AWS/EC2` namespace that do not have any dimensions defined.
+ **SELECT AVG(CPUUtilization) FROM SCHEMA("AWS/EC2", InstanceId)** matches only the `CPUUtilization` metrics that were reported to CloudWatch with exactly one dimension, `InstanceId`.
+ **SELECT SUM(RequestCount) FROM SCHEMA("AWS/ApplicationELB", LoadBalancer, AvailabilityZone)** matches only the `RequestCount` metrics that were reported to CloudWatch from `AWS/ApplicationELB` with exactly two dimensions, `LoadBalancer` and `AvailabilityZone`.

**WHERE**  
Optional. Filters the results to only those metrics that match your specified expression using specific label values for one or more label keys. For example, **WHERE InstanceType = 'c3.4xlarge'** filters the results to only `c3.4xlarge` instance types, and **WHERE InstanceType \$1= 'c3.4xlarge'** filters the results to all instance types except `c3.4xlarge`.  
When you run a query in a monitoring account, you can use `WHERE AWS.AccountId` to limit results to only the account that you specify. For example, `WHERE AWS.AccountId=444455556666` queries metrics from only account `444455556666`. To limit your query to only metrics in the monitoring account itself, use `WHERE AWS.AccountId=CURRENT_ACCOUNT_ID()`.  
Label values must always be enclosed with single quotation marks.  
**Using tags in WHERE clauses**  
You can filter results by AWS resource tags using the syntax `tag.keyName`. Tag filters follow the same operator rules as dimension filters. For example:  
+ WHERE `tag.env = 'prod'` filters to metrics from resources tagged with *env=prod*
+ WHERE `tag.department != 'test'` excludes metrics from resources tagged with *department=test*
Tag filters can be combined with dimension filters:  
`WHERE tag.env = 'prod' AND InstanceType = 'm5.large'`  
**Supported operators**  
The **WHERE** clause supports the following operators:  
+ **=** Label value must match the specified string.
+ **\$1=** Label value must not match the specified string.
+ **AND** Both conditions that are specified must be true to match. You can use multiple **AND** keywords to specify two or more conditions.

**GROUP BY**  
Optional. Groups the query results into multiple time series, each one corresponding to a different value for the specified label key or keys. For example, using `GROUP BY InstanceId` returns a different time series for each value of `InstanceId`. Using `GROUP BY ServiceName, Operation` creates a different time series for each possible combination of the values of `ServiceName` and `Operation`.  
With a **GROUP BY** clause, by default the results are ordered in alphabetical ascending order, using the sequence of labels specified in the **GROUP BY** clause. To change the order of the results, add an **ORDER BY** clause to your query.   
When you run a query in a monitoring account, you can use `GROUP BY AWS.AccountId` to group the results based on the accounts they are from.  
**Using tags in GROUP BY clauses**  
You can group results by AWS resource tag values using the syntax `tag.keyName`. For example:  
+ *GROUP BY tag.environment* creates separate time series for each environment tag value
+ *GROUP BY tag.team, InstanceType* groups by both tag and dimension values
+ *GROUP BY tag.team, AWS.AccountId* groups by both tag and linked source AccountIDs
If some of the matching metrics don't include a specific label key specified in the **GROUP BY** clause, a null group named `Other` is returned. For example, if you specify `GROUP BY ServiceName, Operation` and some of the returned metrics don't include `ServiceName` as a dimension, then those metrics are displayed as having `Other` as the value for `ServiceName`.

**ORDER BY**  
Optional. Specifies the order to use for the returned time series, if the query returns more than one time series. The order is based on the values found by the **FUNCTION** that you specify in the **ORDER BY** clause. The **FUNCTION** is used to calculate a single scalar value from each returned time series, and that value is used to determine the order.  
You also specify whether to use ascending **ASC** or descending **DESC** order. If you omit this, the default is ascending **ASC**.  
For example, adding an `ORDER BY MAX() DESC` clause orders the results by the maximum data point observed within the time range, in descending order: meaning that the time series that has the highest maximum data point is returned first.  
The valid functions to use within an **ORDER BY** clause are `AVG()`, `COUNT()`, `MAX()`, `MIN()`, and `SUM()`.  
If you use an **ORDER BY** clause with a **LIMIT** clause, the resulting query is a "Top N" query. **ORDER BY** is also useful for queries that might return a large number of metrics, because each query can return no more than 500 time series. If a query matches more than 500 time series, and you use an **ORDER BY** clause, the time series are sorted and then the 500 time series that come first in the sort order are the ones that are returned.

**LIMIT**  
Optional. Limits the number of time series returned by the query to the value that you specify. The maximum value that you can specify is 500, and a query that does not specify a **LIMIT** can also return no more than 500 time series.  
Using a **LIMIT** clause with an **ORDER BY** clause gives you a "Top N" query.

## What needs quotation marks or escape characters?


In a query, label values must always be surrounded with single quotation marks. For example, **SELECT MAX(CPUUtilization) FROM "AWS/EC2" WHERE AutoScalingGroupName = 'my-production-fleet'**. 

Metric namespaces, metric names, and label keys that contain characters other than letters, numbers, and underscore (\$1) must be surrounded by double quote marks. For example, **SELECT MAX("My.Metric")**.

If one of these contains a double quotation mark or single quotation mark itself (such as `Bytes"Input"`), you must escape each quotation mark with a backslash, as in **SELECT AVG("Bytes\$1"Input\$1"")**. 

If a metric namespace, metric name, or label key, contains a word that is a reserved keyword in Metrics Insights, these must also be enclosed in double quotation marks. For example, if you have a metric named `LIMIT`, you would use `SELECT AVG("LIMIT")`. It is also valid to enclose any namespace, metric name, or label in double quotation marks even if it does not include a reserved keyword.

For a complete list of reserved keywords, see [Reserved keywords](cloudwatch-metrics-insights-reserved-keywords.md).

## Build a rich query step by step


This section illustrates building a full example that uses all possible clauses, step by step.

You can start with the following query, which aggregates all of the Application Load Balancer `RequestCount` metrics that are collected with both the dimensions `LoadBalancer` and `AvailabilityZone`.

```
SELECT SUM(RequestCount) 
FROM SCHEMA("AWS/ApplicationELB", LoadBalancer, AvailabilityZone)
```

To see metrics only from a specific load balancer, you can add a **WHERE** clause to limit the metrics returned to only those metrics where the value of the `LoadBalancer` dimension is `app/load-balancer-1`.

```
SELECT SUM(RequestCount) 
FROM SCHEMA("AWS/ApplicationELB", LoadBalancer, AvailabilityZone)
WHERE LoadBalancer = 'app/load-balancer-1'
```

The preceding query aggregates the `RequestCount` metrics from all Availability Zones for this load balancer into one time series. If you want to see different time series for each Availability Zone, we can add a **GROUP BY** clause.

```
SELECT SUM(RequestCount) 
FROM SCHEMA("AWS/ApplicationELB", LoadBalancer, AvailabilityZone)
WHERE LoadBalancer = 'app/load-balancer-1'
GROUP BY AvailabilityZone
```

Next, you can order the results to see the highest values first. The following **ORDER BY** clause orders the time series in descending order, by the maximum value reported by each time series during the query time range:

```
SELECT SUM(RequestCount) 
FROM SCHEMA("AWS/ApplicationELB", LoadBalancer, AvailabilityZone)
WHERE LoadBalancer = 'app/load-balancer-1'
GROUP BY AvailabilityZone
ORDER BY MAX() DESC
```

You can also use tags to further filter the results. For example, if you want to see results only for load balancers tagged with a specific environment, we can add tag filtering to the WHERE clause:

```
SELECT SUM(RequestCount) FROM SCHEMA("AWS/ApplicationELB", LoadBalancer, AvailabilityZone) WHERE LoadBalancer = 'app/load-balancer-1' AND tag.Environment = 'prod' GROUP BY AvailabilityZone ORDER BY MAX() DESC
```

You can also group the results by tag values instead of (or in addition to) dimensions. For example, grouping by the Application tag:

```
SELECT SUM(RequestCount) FROM SCHEMA("AWS/ApplicationELB", LoadBalancer, AvailabilityZone) WHERE tag.Environment = 'prod' GROUP BY tag.Application ORDER BY MAX() DESC
```

Finally, if we are primarily interested in a "Top N" type of query, we can use a **LIMIT** clause. This final example limits the results to only the time series with the five highest `MAX` values.

```
SELECT SUM(RequestCount) 
FROM SCHEMA("AWS/ApplicationELB", LoadBalancer, AvailabilityZone)
WHERE LoadBalancer = 'app/load-balancer-1'
GROUP BY AvailabilityZone
ORDER BY MAX() DESC
LIMIT 5
```

## Cross-account query examples


These examples are valid when run in an account set up as a monitoring account in CloudWatch cross-account observability. 

The following example searches all Amazon EC2 instances in the source account 123456789012 and returns the average.

```
SELECT AVG(CpuUtilization) 
FROM "AWS/EC2" 
WHERE AWS.AccountId ='123456789012'
```

The following example queries the `CPUUtilization` metric in `AWS/EC2` in all the linked source accounts, and groups the results by account ID and instance type.

```
SELECT AVG(CpuUtilization) 
FROM "AWS/EC2" 
GROUP BY AWS.AccountId, InstanceType
```

The following example queries the `CPUUtilization` in the monitoring account itself.

```
SELECT AVG(CpuUtilization) 
FROM "AWS/EC2" 
WHERE AWS.AccountId = CURRENT_ACCOUNT_ID()
```

# Reserved keywords


The following are reserved keywords in CloudWatch Metrics Insights. If any of these words are in a namespace, metric name, or label key in a query, you must enclose them in double quote marks. Reserved keywords are not case sensitive.

```
"ABORT" "ABORTSESSION" "ABS" "ABSOLUTE" "ACCESS" "ACCESSIBLE" "ACCESS_LOCK" "ACCOUNT" "ACOS" "ACOSH" "ACTION" "ADD" "ADD_MONTHS"
"ADMIN" "AFTER" "AGGREGATE" "ALIAS" "ALL" "ALLOCATE" "ALLOW" "ALTER" "ALTERAND" "AMP" "ANALYSE" "ANALYZE" "AND" "ANSIDATE" "ANY" "ARE" "ARRAY",
"ARRAY_AGG" "ARRAY_EXISTS" "ARRAY_MAX_CARDINALITY" "AS" "ASC" "ASENSITIVE" "ASIN" "ASINH" "ASSERTION" "ASSOCIATE" "ASUTIME" "ASYMMETRIC" "AT",
"ATAN" "ATAN2" "ATANH" "ATOMIC" "AUDIT" "AUTHORIZATION" "AUX" "AUXILIARY" "AVE" "AVERAGE" "AVG" "BACKUP" "BEFORE" "BEGIN" "BEGIN_FRAME" "BEGIN_PARTITION",
"BETWEEN" "BIGINT" "BINARY" "BIT" "BLOB" "BOOLEAN" "BOTH" "BREADTH" "BREAK" "BROWSE" "BT" "BUFFERPOOL" "BULK" "BUT" "BY" "BYTE" "BYTEINT" "BYTES" "CALL",
"CALLED" "CAPTURE" "CARDINALITY" "CASCADE" "CASCADED" "CASE" "CASESPECIFIC" "CASE_N" "CAST" "CATALOG" "CCSID" "CD" "CEIL" "CEILING" "CHANGE" "CHAR",
"CHAR2HEXINT" "CHARACTER" "CHARACTERS" "CHARACTER_LENGTH" "CHARS" "CHAR_LENGTH" "CHECK" "CHECKPOINT" "CLASS" "CLASSIFIER" "CLOB" "CLONE" "CLOSE" "CLUSTER",
"CLUSTERED" "CM" "COALESCE" "COLLATE" "COLLATION" "COLLECT" "COLLECTION" "COLLID" "COLUMN" "COLUMN_VALUE" "COMMENT" "COMMIT" "COMPLETION" "COMPRESS" "COMPUTE",
"CONCAT" "CONCURRENTLY" "CONDITION" "CONNECT" "CONNECTION" "CONSTRAINT" "CONSTRAINTS" "CONSTRUCTOR" "CONTAINS" "CONTAINSTABLE" "CONTENT" "CONTINUE" "CONVERT",
"CONVERT_TABLE_HEADER" "COPY" "CORR" "CORRESPONDING" "COS" "COSH" "COUNT" "COVAR_POP" "COVAR_SAMP" "CREATE" "CROSS" "CS" "CSUM" "CT" "CUBE" "CUME_DIST",
"CURRENT" "CURRENT_CATALOG" "CURRENT_DATE" "CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP" "CURRENT_LC_CTYPE" "CURRENT_PATH" "CURRENT_ROLE" "CURRENT_ROW" "CURRENT_SCHEMA",
"CURRENT_SERVER" "CURRENT_TIME" "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP" "CURRENT_TIMEZONE" "CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE" "CURRENT_USER" "CURRVAL" "CURSOR" "CV" "CYCLE" "DATA",
"DATABASE" "DATABASES" "DATABLOCKSIZE" "DATE" "DATEFORM" "DAY" "DAYS" "DAY_HOUR" "DAY_MICROSECOND" "DAY_MINUTE" "DAY_SECOND" "DBCC" "DBINFO" "DEALLOCATE" "DEC",
"DECFLOAT" "DECIMAL" "DECLARE" "DEFAULT" "DEFERRABLE" "DEFERRED" "DEFINE" "DEGREES" "DEL" "DELAYED" "DELETE" "DENSE_RANK" "DENY" "DEPTH" "DEREF" "DESC" "DESCRIBE",
"DESCRIPTOR" "DESTROY" "DESTRUCTOR" "DETERMINISTIC" "DIAGNOSTIC" "DIAGNOSTICS" "DICTIONARY" "DISABLE" "DISABLED" "DISALLOW" "DISCONNECT" "DISK" "DISTINCT",
"DISTINCTROW" "DISTRIBUTED" "DIV" "DO" "DOCUMENT" "DOMAIN" "DOUBLE" "DROP" "DSSIZE" "DUAL" "DUMP" "DYNAMIC" "EACH" "ECHO" "EDITPROC" "ELEMENT" "ELSE" "ELSEIF",
"EMPTY" "ENABLED" "ENCLOSED" "ENCODING" "ENCRYPTION" "END" "END-EXEC" "ENDING" "END_FRAME" "END_PARTITION" "EQ" "EQUALS" "ERASE" "ERRLVL" "ERROR" "ERRORFILES",
"ERRORTABLES" "ESCAPE" "ESCAPED" "ET" "EVERY" "EXCEPT" "EXCEPTION" "EXCLUSIVE" "EXEC" "EXECUTE" "EXISTS" "EXIT" "EXP" "EXPLAIN" "EXTERNAL" "EXTRACT" "FALLBACK
"FALSE" "FASTEXPORT" "FENCED" "FETCH" "FIELDPROC" "FILE" "FILLFACTOR" "FILTER" "FINAL" "FIRST" "FIRST_VALUE" "FLOAT" "FLOAT4" "FLOAT8" "FLOOR" 
"FOR" "FORCE" "FOREIGN" "FORMAT" "FOUND" "FRAME_ROW" "FREE" "FREESPACE" "FREETEXT" "FREETEXTTABLE" "FREEZE" "FROM" "FULL" "FULLTEXT" "FUNCTION" 
"FUSION" "GE" "GENERAL" "GENERATED" "GET" "GIVE" "GLOBAL" "GO" "GOTO" "GRANT" "GRAPHIC" "GROUP" "GROUPING" "GROUPS" "GT" "HANDLER" "HASH" 
"HASHAMP" "HASHBAKAMP" "HASHBUCKET" "HASHROW" "HAVING" "HELP" "HIGH_PRIORITY" "HOLD" "HOLDLOCK" "HOUR" "HOURS" "HOUR_MICROSECOND" "HOUR_MINUTE" 
"HOUR_SECOND" "IDENTIFIED" "IDENTITY" "IDENTITYCOL" "IDENTITY_INSERT" "IF" "IGNORE" "ILIKE" "IMMEDIATE" "IN" "INCLUSIVE" "INCONSISTENT" "INCREMENT" 
"INDEX" "INDICATOR" "INFILE" "INHERIT" "INITIAL" "INITIALIZE" "INITIALLY" "INITIATE" "INNER" "INOUT" "INPUT" "INS" "INSENSITIVE" "INSERT" "INSTEAD" 
"INT" "INT1" "INT2" "INT3" "INT4" "INT8" "INTEGER" "INTEGERDATE" "INTERSECT" "INTERSECTION" "INTERVAL" "INTO" "IO_AFTER_GTIDS" "IO_BEFORE_GTIDS" 
"IS" "ISNULL" "ISOBID" "ISOLATION" "ITERATE" "JAR" "JOIN" "JOURNAL" "JSON_ARRAY" "JSON_ARRAYAGG" "JSON_EXISTS" "JSON_OBJECT" "JSON_OBJECTAGG" 
"JSON_QUERY" "JSON_TABLE" "JSON_TABLE_PRIMITIVE" "JSON_VALUE" "KEEP" "KEY" "KEYS" "KILL" "KURTOSIS" "LABEL" "LAG" "LANGUAGE" "LARGE" "LAST" 
"LAST_VALUE" "LATERAL" "LC_CTYPE" "LE" "LEAD" "LEADING" "LEAVE" "LEFT" "LESS" "LEVEL" "LIKE" "LIKE_REGEX" "LIMIT" "LINEAR" "LINENO" "LINES" 
"LISTAGG" "LN" "LOAD" "LOADING" "LOCAL" "LOCALE" "LOCALTIME" "LOCALTIMESTAMP" "LOCATOR" "LOCATORS" "LOCK" "LOCKING" "LOCKMAX" "LOCKSIZE" "LOG" 
"LOG10" "LOGGING" "LOGON" "LONG" "LONGBLOB" "LONGTEXT" "LOOP" "LOWER" "LOW_PRIORITY" "LT" "MACRO" "MAINTAINED" "MAP" "MASTER_BIND" 
"MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT" "MATCH" "MATCHES" "MATCH_NUMBER" "MATCH_RECOGNIZE" "MATERIALIZED" "MAVG" "MAX" "MAXEXTENTS" "MAXIMUM" "MAXVALUE" 
"MCHARACTERS" "MDIFF" "MEDIUMBLOB" "MEDIUMINT" "MEDIUMTEXT" "MEMBER" "MERGE" "METHOD" "MICROSECOND" "MICROSECONDS" "MIDDLEINT" "MIN" "MINDEX" 
"MINIMUM" "MINUS" "MINUTE" "MINUTES" "MINUTE_MICROSECOND" "MINUTE_SECOND" "MLINREG" "MLOAD" "MLSLABEL" "MOD" "MODE" "MODIFIES" "MODIFY" 
"MODULE" "MONITOR" "MONRESOURCE" "MONSESSION" "MONTH" "MONTHS" "MSUBSTR" "MSUM" "MULTISET" "NAMED" "NAMES" "NATIONAL" "NATURAL" "NCHAR" "NCLOB" 
"NE" "NESTED_TABLE_ID" "NEW" "NEW_TABLE" "NEXT" "NEXTVAL" "NO" "NOAUDIT" "NOCHECK" "NOCOMPRESS" "NONCLUSTERED" "NONE" "NORMALIZE" "NOT" "NOTNULL" 
"NOWAIT" "NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG" "NTH_VALUE" "NTILE" "NULL" "NULLIF" "NULLIFZERO" "NULLS" "NUMBER" "NUMERIC" "NUMPARTS" "OBID" "OBJECT" "OBJECTS" 
"OCCURRENCES_REGEX" "OCTET_LENGTH" "OF" "OFF" "OFFLINE" "OFFSET" "OFFSETS" "OLD" "OLD_TABLE" "OMIT" "ON" "ONE" "ONLINE" "ONLY" "OPEN" "OPENDATASOURCE" 
"OPENQUERY" "OPENROWSET" "OPENXML" "OPERATION" "OPTIMIZATION" "OPTIMIZE" "OPTIMIZER_COSTS" "OPTION" "OPTIONALLY" "OR" "ORDER" "ORDINALITY" "ORGANIZATION" 
"OUT" "OUTER" "OUTFILE" "OUTPUT" "OVER" "OVERLAPS" "OVERLAY" "OVERRIDE" "PACKAGE" "PAD" "PADDED" "PARAMETER" "PARAMETERS" "PART" "PARTIAL" "PARTITION" 
"PARTITIONED" "PARTITIONING" "PASSWORD" "PATH" "PATTERN" "PCTFREE" "PER" "PERCENT" "PERCENTILE" "PERCENTILE_CONT" "PERCENTILE_DISC" "PERCENT_RANK" "PERIOD" "PERM" 
"PERMANENT" "PIECESIZE" "PIVOT" "PLACING" "PLAN" "PORTION" "POSITION" "POSITION_REGEX" "POSTFIX" "POWER" "PRECEDES" "PRECISION" "PREFIX" "PREORDER" 
"PREPARE" "PRESERVE" "PREVVAL" "PRIMARY" "PRINT" "PRIOR" "PRIQTY" "PRIVATE" "PRIVILEGES" "PROC" "PROCEDURE" "PROFILE" "PROGRAM" "PROPORTIONAL" 
"PROTECTION" "PSID" "PTF" "PUBLIC" "PURGE" "QUALIFIED" "QUALIFY" "QUANTILE" "QUERY" "QUERYNO" "RADIANS" "RAISERROR" "RANDOM" "RANGE" "RANGE_N" "RANK" 
"RAW" "READ" "READS" "READTEXT" "READ_WRITE" "REAL" "RECONFIGURE" "RECURSIVE" "REF" "REFERENCES" "REFERENCING" "REFRESH" "REGEXP" "REGR_AVGX" "REGR_AVGY" 
"REGR_COUNT" "REGR_INTERCEPT" "REGR_R2" "REGR_SLOPE" "REGR_SXX" "REGR_SXY" "REGR_SYY" "RELATIVE" "RELEASE" "RENAME" "REPEAT" "REPLACE" "REPLICATION" 
"REPOVERRIDE" "REQUEST" "REQUIRE" "RESIGNAL" "RESOURCE" "RESTART" "RESTORE" "RESTRICT" "RESULT" "RESULT_SET_LOCATOR" "RESUME" "RET" "RETRIEVE" "RETURN" 
"RETURNING" "RETURNS" "REVALIDATE" "REVERT" "REVOKE" "RIGHT" "RIGHTS" "RLIKE" "ROLE" "ROLLBACK" "ROLLFORWARD" "ROLLUP" "ROUND_CEILING" "ROUND_DOWN" 
"ROUND_FLOOR" "ROUND_HALF_DOWN" "ROUND_HALF_EVEN" "ROUND_HALF_UP" "ROUND_UP" "ROUTINE" "ROW" "ROWCOUNT" "ROWGUIDCOL" "ROWID" "ROWNUM" "ROWS" "ROWSET" 
"ROW_NUMBER" "RULE" "RUN" "RUNNING" "SAMPLE" "SAMPLEID" "SAVE" "SAVEPOINT" "SCHEMA" "SCHEMAS" "SCOPE" "SCRATCHPAD" "SCROLL" "SEARCH" "SECOND" "SECONDS" 
"SECOND_MICROSECOND" "SECQTY" "SECTION" "SECURITY" "SECURITYAUDIT" "SEEK" "SEL" "SELECT" "SEMANTICKEYPHRASETABLE" "SEMANTICSIMILARITYDETAILSTABLE" 
"SEMANTICSIMILARITYTABLE" "SENSITIVE" "SEPARATOR" "SEQUENCE" "SESSION" "SESSION_USER" "SET" "SETRESRATE" "SETS" "SETSESSRATE" "SETUSER" "SHARE" "SHOW" 
"SHUTDOWN" "SIGNAL" "SIMILAR" "SIMPLE" "SIN" "SINH" "SIZE" "SKEW" "SKIP" "SMALLINT" "SOME" "SOUNDEX" "SOURCE" "SPACE" "SPATIAL" "SPECIFIC" "SPECIFICTYPE" 
"SPOOL" "SQL" "SQLEXCEPTION" "SQLSTATE" "SQLTEXT" "SQLWARNING" "SQL_BIG_RESULT" "SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS" "SQL_SMALL_RESULT" "SQRT" "SS" "SSL" "STANDARD" 
"START" "STARTING" "STARTUP" "STAT" "STATE" "STATEMENT" "STATIC" "STATISTICS" "STAY" "STDDEV_POP" "STDDEV_SAMP" "STEPINFO" "STOGROUP" "STORED" "STORES" 
"STRAIGHT_JOIN" "STRING_CS" "STRUCTURE" "STYLE" "SUBMULTISET" "SUBSCRIBER" "SUBSET" "SUBSTR" "SUBSTRING" "SUBSTRING_REGEX" "SUCCEEDS" "SUCCESSFUL" 
"SUM" "SUMMARY" "SUSPEND" "SYMMETRIC" "SYNONYM" "SYSDATE" "SYSTEM" "SYSTEM_TIME" "SYSTEM_USER" "SYSTIMESTAMP" "TABLE" "TABLESAMPLE" "TABLESPACE" "TAN" 
"TANH" "TBL_CS" "TEMPORARY" "TERMINATE" "TERMINATED" "TEXTSIZE" "THAN" "THEN" "THRESHOLD" "TIME" "TIMESTAMP" "TIMEZONE_HOUR" "TIMEZONE_MINUTE" "TINYBLOB" 
"TINYINT" "TINYTEXT" "TITLE" "TO" "TOP" "TRACE" "TRAILING" "TRAN" "TRANSACTION" "TRANSLATE" "TRANSLATE_CHK" "TRANSLATE_REGEX" "TRANSLATION" "TREAT" 
"TRIGGER" "TRIM" "TRIM_ARRAY" "TRUE" "TRUNCATE" "TRY_CONVERT" "TSEQUAL" "TYPE" "UC" "UESCAPE" "UID" "UNDEFINED" "UNDER" "UNDO" "UNION" "UNIQUE" 
"UNKNOWN" "UNLOCK" "UNNEST" "UNPIVOT" "UNSIGNED" "UNTIL" "UPD" "UPDATE" "UPDATETEXT" "UPPER" "UPPERCASE" "USAGE" "USE" "USER" "USING" "UTC_DATE" 
"UTC_TIME" "UTC_TIMESTAMP" "VALIDATE" "VALIDPROC" "VALUE" "VALUES" "VALUE_OF" "VARBINARY" "VARBYTE" "VARCHAR" "VARCHAR2" "VARCHARACTER" "VARGRAPHIC" 
"VARIABLE" "VARIADIC" "VARIANT" "VARYING" "VAR_POP" "VAR_SAMP" "VCAT" "VERBOSE" "VERSIONING" "VIEW" "VIRTUAL" "VOLATILE" "VOLUMES" "WAIT" "WAITFOR" 
"WHEN" "WHENEVER" "WHERE" "WHILE" "WIDTH_BUCKET" "WINDOW" "WITH" "WITHIN" "WITHIN_GROUP" "WITHOUT" "WLM" "WORK" "WRITE" "WRITETEXT" "XMLCAST" "XMLEXISTS" 
"XMLNAMESPACES" "XOR" "YEAR" "YEARS" "YEAR_MONTH" "ZEROFILL" "ZEROIFNULL" "ZONE"
```